{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T04:59:02Z","timestamp":1790398742895,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Clin. Med.","JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Little is known about long-term changes in sensitivity and pain following cutaneous 100 Hz high-frequency stimulation (HFS) in humans. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate long-lasting changes in multimodal sensitivity after HFS using a comprehensive systematic dermatomal examination, including two innovative protocols, and to identify common factors associated with these changes. Methods: Long-lasting changes were assessed with thermal and mechanical bedside and quantitative sensory testing at the homotopic (ipsilateral C6 or L4 dermatomes), adjacent heterotopic (ipsilateral C5 or L3 dermatomes) and contralateral dermatomal sites (C6 or L4 dermatomes) in two sessions (session A: upper limb dermatomal examination protocol; session B: lower limb dermatomal examination protocol). Before and after 100 Hz HFS, test stimuli (TS) were administered to the ipsilateral C6 dermatome for session A or ipsilateral L4 dermatome for session B. Individuals reported pain intensity or sensation related to TS, and fulfilled questionnaires associated with psychological health, pain descriptors, or perceived quality of life. Results: Long-lasting changes in both cold and mechanical sensitivity were observed up to 30 min following HFS at all sites in both sessions (p &lt; 0.05). No significant differences between sessions were found for significant HFS-induced changes in sensitivity (p &gt; 0.05). Common changes in cold sensitivity were dependent on age (p &lt; 0.05). Fatigue was associated with common changes in mechanical or cold sensitivity (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: Bilateral long-lasting changes in multimodal sensitivity after HFS have been revealed in a novel comprehensive systematic dermatomal examination. These findings provide new insight into persistent pain mechanisms and an innovative approach for its management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15197425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T09:07:54Z","timestamp":1790240874000},"page":"7425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bilateral Long-Lasting Changes in Multimodal Sensitivity After Cutaneous High-Frequency Electrical Stimulation: A New Comprehensive Dermatomal Examination"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0425-1098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Escobar-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensorimotor Function Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapl\u00e9jicos (SESCAM), 45071 Toledo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2553-2348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julian","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensorimotor Function Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapl\u00e9jicos (SESCAM), 45071 Toledo, Spain"},{"name":"Harris Manchester College, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TD, UK"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), 45071 Toledo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0557-2222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Jos\u00e9","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n de Neurociencias Aplicadas a la Rehabilitaci\u00f3n (GINARE), Cl\u00ednica Neuron Rehabilitaci\u00f3n, 28293 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, San Pablo-CEU University, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9110-139X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"R\u00edos-Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensorimotor Function Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapl\u00e9jicos (SESCAM), 45071 Toledo, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), 45071 Toledo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Escobar-Sanchez, I., Rios-Leon, M., and Taylor, J. (2023). Long-term bilateral change in pain and sensitivity to high-frequency cutaneous electrical stimulation in healthy subjects depends on stimulus modality: A dermatomal examination. Front. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1337711"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000004057","article-title":"Does long-term potentiation at spinal C-fiber synapses account for primary and secondary hyperalgesia? Insights from high-frequency stimulation studies","volume":"167","author":"Velasco","year":"2026","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1222-03.2004","article-title":"Perceptual correlates of nociceptive long-term potentiation and long-term depression in humans","volume":"24","author":"Klein","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2011.02.037","article-title":"Analysis of hyperalgesia time courses in humans after painful electrical high-frequency stimulation identifies a possible transition from early to late LTP-like pain plasticity","volume":"152","author":"Pfau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2479","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-016-4653-1","article-title":"Exploration of the conditioning electrical stimulation frequencies for induction of long-term potentiation-like pain amplification in humans","volume":"234","author":"Xia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, W., Morch, C.D., and Andersen, O.K. (2016). Test-Retest Reliability of 10 Hz Conditioning Electrical Stimulation Inducing Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)-Like Pain Amplification in Humans. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161117"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2276","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00391.2012","article-title":"The effect of high-frequency conditioning stimulation of human skin on reported pain intensity and event-related potentials","volume":"108","author":"Ceelen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"e389","article-title":"Contralateral Sensory and Pain Perception Changes in Patients with Unilateral Neuropathy","volume":"97","author":"Attal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konopka, K.H., Harbers, M., Houghton, A., Kortekaas, R., van Vliet, A., Timmerman, W., den Boer, J.A., Struys, M.M., and van Wijhe, M. (2012). Bilateral sensory abnormalities in patients with unilateral neuropathic pain; a quantitative sensory testing (QST) study. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037524"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00979.2009","article-title":"Neurophysiological correlates of nociceptive heterosynaptic long-term potentiation in humans","volume":"103","author":"Andersen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00289.2021","article-title":"High-frequency electrical stimulation of cutaneous nociceptors differentially affects pain perception elicited by homotopic and heterotopic electrical stimuli","volume":"126","author":"Urdi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"28","article-title":"Neural correlates of heterotopic facilitation induced after high frequency electrical stimulation of nociceptive pathways","volume":"7","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Pain."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2505","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv108","article-title":"Capsaicin-sensitive C- and A-fibre nociceptors control long-term potentiation-like pain amplification in humans","volume":"138","author":"Henrich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.06.001","article-title":"The role of heterosynaptic facilitation in long-term potentiation (LTP) of human pain sensation","volume":"139","author":"Klein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.09.026","article-title":"Modality-specific sensory changes in humans after the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in cutaneous nociceptive pathways","volume":"128","author":"Lang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200830","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.200830","article-title":"Perceptual correlates of homosynaptic long-term potentiation in human nociceptive pathways: A replication study","volume":"8","author":"Vanmaele","year":"2021","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00651.2013","article-title":"High-frequency electrical stimulation of the human skin induces heterotopical mechanical hyperalgesia, heat hyperalgesia, and enhanced responses to nonnociceptive vibrotactile input","volume":"111","author":"Mouraux","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah5715","article-title":"Gliogenic LTP spreads widely in nociceptive pathways","volume":"354","author":"Kronschlager","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv193","article-title":"Translating synaptic plasticity into sensation","volume":"138","author":"Sandkuhler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8069-7-20","article-title":"Long-term potentiation in spinal nociceptive pathways as a novel target for pain therapy","volume":"7","author":"Ruscheweyh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Pain"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Della Porta, D., Vilz, M.L., Kuzminova, A., Filbrich, L., Mouraux, A., and Legrain, V. (2022). No evidence for an effect of selective spatial attention on the development of secondary hyperalgesia: A replication study. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.997230"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1532-2149.2013.00342.x","article-title":"Negative expectations facilitate mechanical hyperalgesia after high-frequency electrical stimulation of human skin","volume":"18","author":"Geene","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00130.2025","article-title":"Repeated exposure to cutaneous high-frequency electrical stimulation prolongs the time course of secondary hyperalgesia","volume":"133","author":"Lebrun","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2559","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01125.2006","article-title":"Psychophysical evidence for long-term potentiation of C-fiber and Adelta-fiber pathways in humans by analysis of pain descriptors","volume":"97","author":"Hansen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3551","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00755.2006","article-title":"Perceptual correlate of nociceptive long-term potentiation (LTP) in humans shares the time course of early-LTP","volume":"96","author":"Klein","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"World Medical Association (2013). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA, 310, 2191\u20132194.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"370","author":"Altman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(99)00101-3","article-title":"Comparative reliability and validity of chronic pain intensity measures","volume":"83","author":"Jensen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.46292\/sci2702-1","article-title":"International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury: Revised 2019","volume":"27","author":"Rupp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Top. Spinal Cord Inj. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e820","DOI":"10.1097\/PR9.0000000000000820","article-title":"Sensory bedside testing: A simple stratification approach for sensory phenotyping","volume":"5","author":"Reimer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2019.1582602","article-title":"Patient preferences for order of the sensory portion of the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI) examination","volume":"42","author":"Kirshblum","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Spinal Cord Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1054\/math.1996.0276","article-title":"Pressure algometry in manual therapy","volume":"1","author":"Vanderweeen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Man. Ther."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2005.01.352","article-title":"Temporal summation of pain evoked by mechanical stimulation in deep and superficial tissue","volume":"6","author":"Nie","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e318154b6ae","article-title":"Interrater reliability of algometry in measuring pressure pain thresholds in healthy humans, using multiple raters","volume":"23","author":"Chesterton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3428","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnaa246","article-title":"Accurate Determination of the Cold Detection Threshold with High-Speed Cooling of the Skin","volume":"21","author":"Lithfous","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.01.041","article-title":"Quantitative sensory testing in the German Research Network on Neuropathic Pain (DFNS): Standardized protocol and reference values","volume":"123","author":"Rolke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-5-66","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the Spanish version of the DN4 (Douleur Neuropathique 4 questions) questionnaire for differential diagnosis of pain syndromes associated to a neuropathic or somatic component","volume":"5","author":"Perez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"296","article-title":"Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Version of the Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale-20 (PASS-20-SV)","volume":"33","author":"Esteve","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2007.06.004","article-title":"An exploration of the psychometric properties of the PASS-20 with a nonclinical sample","volume":"8","author":"Abrams","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1155\/2002\/517163","article-title":"A short version of the Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale (PASS-20): Preliminary development and validity","volume":"7","author":"McCracken","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pain Res. Manag."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-018-1877-5","article-title":"Validity of the EQ-5D-5L and reference norms for the Spanish population","volume":"27","author":"Hernandez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s41687-020-0181-7","article-title":"Development and validation of an interpretive guide for PROMIS scores","volume":"4","author":"Rothrock","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Patient Rep. Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1978","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000003166","article-title":"A back-translational study of descending interactions with the induction of hyperalgesia by high-frequency electrical stimulation in rats and humans","volume":"165","author":"Patel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biurrun Manresa, J., Kaeseler Andersen, O., Mouraux, A., and van den Broeke, E.N. (2018). High frequency electrical stimulation induces a long-lasting enhancement of event-related potentials but does not change the perception elicited by intra-epidermal electrical stimuli delivered to the area of increased mechanical pinprick sensitivity. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1101\/282335"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van den Broeke, E.N., Lambert, J., Huang, G., and Mouraux, A. (2016). Central Sensitization of Mechanical Nociceptive Pathways Is Associated with a Long-Lasting Increase of Pinprick-Evoked Brain Potentials. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00531"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00342.2014","article-title":"Enhanced brain responses to C-fiber input in the area of secondary hyperalgesia induced by high-frequency electrical stimulation of the skin","volume":"112","author":"Mouraux","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2717","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.10-08-02717.1990","article-title":"Dynamic alterations in the cutaneous mechanoreceptive fields of dorsal horn neurons in the rat spinal cord","volume":"10","author":"Woolf","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1997.6688","article-title":"A neuronal correlate of secondary hyperalgesia in the rat spinal dorsal horn is submodality selective and facilitated by supraspinal influence","volume":"149","author":"Pertovaara","year":"1998","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2011.01.002","article-title":"Role of different brain areas in peripheral nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain","volume":"1381","author":"Jaggi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200305000-00027","article-title":"Supraspinal contribution to development of both tonic nociception and referred mirror hyperalgesia: A comparative study between formalin test and bee venom test in the rat","volume":"98","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00075.2026","article-title":"Cold stimulation applied concurrently with high-frequency electrical stimulation does not attenuate the development of secondary pinprick hypersensitivity in humans","volume":"136","author":"Ercken","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.04.039","article-title":"Intact Adelta-fibers up-regulate transient receptor potential A1 and contribute to cold hypersensitivity in neuropathic rats","volume":"154","author":"Ji","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.38.9.865","article-title":"Fibre function and perception during cutaneous nerve block","volume":"38","author":"Mackenzie","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3245","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1897-22.2023","article-title":"Contralateral Afferent Input to Lumbar Lamina I Neurons as a Neural Substrate for Mirror-Image Pain","volume":"43","author":"Luz","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6767","DOI":"10.1113\/JP272599","article-title":"Secondary hyperalgesia is mediated by heat-insensitive A-fibre nociceptors","volume":"594","author":"Lenoir","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20230085","DOI":"10.1515\/sjpain-2023-0085","article-title":"Fatigue and cognitive fatigability in patients with chronic pain","volume":"24","author":"Holmqvist","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scand. J. Pain."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2022.107696","article-title":"Long term potentiation-like neural plasticity and performance-based memory function","volume":"196","author":"Rygvold","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.09.030","article-title":"Central sensitization: Implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain","volume":"152","author":"Woolf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"9","article-title":"Understanding LTP in pain pathways","volume":"3","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Pain"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daneffel, L., Rukwied, R., Schmelz, M., Ruppen, W., and Schneider, T. (2025). Preferential C-nociceptor stimulation facilitates peripheral axon reflex flare, but not secondary mechanical hyperalgesia. Front. Pain Res., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpain.2025.1556429"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/nature719","article-title":"Identification of a cold receptor reveals a general role for TRP channels in thermosensation","volume":"416","author":"McKemy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2023.07.014","article-title":"Distinct roles of spinal commissural interneurons in transmission of contralateral sensory information","volume":"33","author":"Laflamme","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(02)00009-6","article-title":"Descending control of pain","volume":"66","author":"Millan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9988","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0881-21.2021","article-title":"Contralateral Projection of Anterior Cingulate Cortex Contributes to Mirror-Image Pain","volume":"41","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.1334","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism, human memory, and synaptic neuroplasticity","volume":"6","author":"Lamb","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2016.12.015","article-title":"Age-related alterations in human neocortical plasticity","volume":"130","author":"Spriggs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617715001095","article-title":"Influence of Physical Activity on Human Sensory Long-Term Potentiation","volume":"21","author":"Smallwood","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/19\/7425\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T04:20:17Z","timestamp":1790396417000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/19\/7425"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15197425"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15197425","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]}}}