{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:57:49Z","timestamp":1790618269944,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Clin. Med.","JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gastric cancer remains a major cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, while the roles of excess body weight, body composition, nutrition, and biological sex remain incompletely defined. This narrative review separately evaluates (i) epidemiological associations with gastric cancer risk, with explicit attention to cardia versus non-cardia tumors and Helicobacter pylori as a major confounder, and (ii) perioperative and long-term outcomes after gastrectomy, including postoperative complications, treatment completion, recurrence, and survival. BMI, visceral adiposity, skeletal-muscle mass, and sarcopenic obesity are treated as distinct, non-interchangeable phenotypes. Available studies are heterogeneous and partly conflicting. Prediagnostic weight loss is particularly important because cancer-related weight loss and cachexia can lower BMI at diagnosis, creating reverse causality in prognostic analyses. Visceral adiposity and sarcopenic obesity may provide clinically relevant information beyond BMI alone. Sex-related differences in adipose distribution and hormonal exposure may also modify risk and outcome, but observational associations do not establish causality. Overall, BMI alone is an insufficient marker of risk; prospective studies should integrate premorbid weight, longitudinal weight change, body composition, nutritional status, tumor subsite, H. pylori status, and sex-specific analyses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15197517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:50:54Z","timestamp":1790614254000},"page":"7517","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Body Weight, Body Composition, Nutrition, and Sex in Gastric Cancer: Epidemiological Associations and Surgical Outcomes\u2014A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Claus","family":"Schildberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Brandenburg an der Havel, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Hochstra\u00dfe 29, 14770 Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Fehrbelliner Str. 38, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl","family":"Mei\u00dfner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Care Center \u201cIm Altstadtquartier\u201d GmbH, Max-Otten-Stra\u00dfe 14, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"AN-Institut f\u00fcr Qualit\u00e4tssicherung in der operativen Medizin gGmbH, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Gaede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AN-Institut f\u00fcr Qualit\u00e4tssicherung in der operativen Medizin gGmbH, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aristotelis","family":"Perrakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplant Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, University Hospital Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karsten","family":"Ridwelski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AN-Institut f\u00fcr Qualit\u00e4tssicherung in der operativen Medizin gGmbH, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Visceral, Vascular and Acute Surgery, Klinikum Magdeburg gGmbH, Birkenallee 34, 39130 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"Mantke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Brandenburg an der Havel, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Hochstra\u00dfe 29, 14770 Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Fehrbelliner Str. 38, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplant Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, University Hospital Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39367.495995.AE","article-title":"Million Women Study Collaboration. Cancer incidence and mortality in relation to body mass index in the Million Women Study: Cohort study","volume":"335","author":"Reeves","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1408","article-title":"Overweight, obesity and cancer: Epidemiological evidence and proposed mechanisms","volume":"4","author":"Calle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4277","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.67.9712","article-title":"Obesity and Cancer Mechanisms: Cancer Metabolism","volume":"34","author":"Hopkins","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-16-0428","article-title":"Consortium on Health and Ageing: Network of Cohorts in Europe and the United States (CHANCES). Adherence to the WCRF\/AICR Dietary Recommendations for Cancer Prevention and Risk of Cancer in Elderly from Europe and the United States: A Meta-Analysis within the CHANCES Project","volume":"26","author":"Jankovic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2026, March 26). Obesity and Overweight. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/obesity-and-overweight."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2026, May 15). Onkopedia. Magenkarzinom. Available online: https:\/\/www.onkopedia.com\/de\/onkopedia\/guidelines\/magenkarzinom."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Robert Koch-Institut, and Deutsche Krebsregister e. V. (2025). Krebs in Deutschland f\u00fcr 2021\u20132023."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsb2515372","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori screen-and-treat programs for gastric cancer prevention\u2014An IARC Working Group Report","volume":"394","author":"Park","year":"2026","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2024.12.033","article-title":"Eradication therapy to prevent gastric cancer in Helicobacter pylori-positive individuals: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and observational studies","volume":"169","author":"Ford","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2662","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.13375","article-title":"Preoperative Osteopenia as Risk Factor for Death from Other Diseases After Gastrectomy in Elderly Patients","volume":"37","author":"Shimizu","year":"2023","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.01.037","article-title":"Risk Factors for Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Sutherland","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popovici, D., Stanisav, C., Saftescu, S., Negru, S., Dragomir, R., Ciurescu, D., and Diaconescu, R. (2023). Exploring the Influence of Age, Gender and Body Mass Index on Colorectal Cancer Location. Medicina, 59.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59081399"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-304701","article-title":"Obesity and colorectal cancer","volume":"62","author":"Bardou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, L., Wu, W., Xia, S., Li, Y., and Xu, Z. (2023). Visceral obesity and anastomotic leakage rates in colorectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Oncol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1224196"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32319-0","article-title":"Colorectal cancer","volume":"394","author":"Dekker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gentiluomo, M., Corradi, C., Arcidiacono, P.G., Crippa, S., Falconi, M., Belfiori, G., Farinella, R., Apadula, L., Lauri, G., and Bina, N. (2023). Role of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma risk factors in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm progression. Front Oncol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1172606"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.4143\/crt.2023.539","article-title":"Association between Metabolically Healthy Status and Risk of Gastrointestinal Cancer","volume":"56","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1159\/000479852","article-title":"Impact of Body Mass Index on Early Postoperative and Long-Term Outcome after Rectal Cancer Surgery","volume":"33","author":"Gebauer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Visc. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2000). Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. World Health Organ Tech. Rep. Ser., 894, 1\u2013253."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v4.i7.156","article-title":"Carcinoma of the stomach: A review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, molecular genetics and chemoprevention","volume":"4","author":"Nagini","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i28","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyq124","article-title":"Gastric Cancer Working Group report","volume":"40","author":"Sasako","year":"2010","journal-title":"JPN J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8338","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol30090605","article-title":"Epidemiology, Risk Factors for Gastric Cancer and Surveillance of Premalignant Gastric Lesions: A Prospective Cohort Study of Central Saudi Arabia","volume":"30","author":"Zacharakis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2961","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.15805","article-title":"Body mass index and esophageal and gastric cancer: A pooled analysis of 10 population-based cohort studies in Japan","volume":"114","author":"Koyanagi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azizi, N., Zangiabadian, M., Seifi, G., Davari, A., Yekekhani, E., Safavi-Naini, S.A.A., Berger, N.A., Nasiri, M.J., and Sohrabi, M.R. (2023). Gastric Cancer Risk in Association with Underweight, Overweight, and Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15102778"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dyaf160","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaf160","article-title":"Body mass index and gastric cancer risk: Results from the Stomach Cancer Pooling Project Consortium","volume":"54","author":"Pastorino","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften (AWMF) (2026, May 07). S3-Leitlinie Magenkarzinom\u2014Diagnostik und Therapie der Adenokarzinome des Magens und \u00f6sophagogastralen \u00dcbergangs. Version 3.1, 21 May 2025; AWMF-Registernummer 032-009OL. Available online: https:\/\/register.awmf.org\/de\/leitlinien\/detail\/032-009OL."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Gemeinsames Krebsregister der L\u00e4nder Berlin, Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Sachsen-Anhalt und der Freistaaten Sachsen und Th\u00fcringen (GKR) (2026, May 07). Krebs in Sachsen-Anhalt 2012\u20132013 (Landesbericht): Inzidenz und Mortalit\u00e4t 2012\u20132013, Available online: https:\/\/www.kr-lsa.de\/datenauswertung\/qualitaetsberichte."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boicean, A., Birsan, S., Ichim, C., Boeras, I., Roman-Filip, I., Blanca, G., Bacila, C., Fleaca, R.S., and Dura, H. (2023). Has-miR-129-5p\u2019s Involvement in Different Disorders, from Digestive Cancer to Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11072058"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.08.029","article-title":"ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition in surgery\u2014Update 2025","volume":"53","author":"Weimann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.005","article-title":"ESPEN practical guideline: Clinical Nutrition in cancer","volume":"40","author":"Muscaritoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.21037\/tgh.2019.10.13","article-title":"Assessment of body composition and impact of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in patients with gastric cancer","volume":"5","author":"Nishigori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1159\/000531797","article-title":"Impact of Sarcopenic Obesity on Severe Postoperative Complications in Patients with Gastric Cancer Undergoing Gastrectomy","volume":"40","author":"Yamagishi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dig. Surg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-022-05492-w","article-title":"Impact of Sarcopenic Obesity on Long-Term Cancer Outcomes and Postoperative Complications After Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer","volume":"27","author":"Juez","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsui, R., Inaki, N., Tsuji, T., and Fukunaga, T. (2023). Impact of Sex-Specific Preoperative Fat Mass Assessment on Long-Term Prognosis after Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15072100"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2024.108772","article-title":"Prevalence of sarcopenic obesity in patients with gastric cancer and effects on adverse outcomes: A meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"50","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1298854","article-title":"Checkpoint f\u00fcr die Energiebalance","volume":"37","author":"Bischoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Akt. Ern\u00e4hr Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-11915","article-title":"Protein-Energie-Malnutrition und Organdysfunktion","volume":"26","author":"Schindler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Akt. Ern\u00e4hr Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1159\/000012131","article-title":"Body mass index determines the success of lymph node dissection and predicts the outcome of gastric carcinoma patients","volume":"59","author":"Dhar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-16659","article-title":"Von der Katabolie zur Anabolie: Stoffwechselmediatoren und Therapieans\u00e4tze","volume":"26","author":"Keller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Akt. Ern\u00e4hr Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-16667","article-title":"Sinnvolle Ziele f\u00fcr eine Ern\u00e4hrungstherapie beim Tumorpatienten","volume":"26","author":"Weimann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Akt. Ern\u00e4hr Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-828365","article-title":"Rationalisation Scheme 2004 of the Association of German Nutritional Physicians, the German Obesity Association, the German Academy of Nutritional Medicine (DAEM), the German Nutrition Society (DGE), the German Society for Nutritional Medicine (DGEM), the German Association of Dieticians (VDD), the Association of Home Economists and Nutrition Scientists (VDOE)","volume":"29","author":"Kluthe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Akt. Ern\u00e4hr Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e155","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1359887","article-title":"S3-Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Ern\u00e4hrungsmedizin (DGEM) in Zusammenarbeit mit der GESKES, der AKE, der DGCH, der DGAI und der DGAV","volume":"38","author":"Weimann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Akt. Ern\u00e4hr Med."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"452","article-title":"The modern Fast Track Concept 2.0","volume":"62","author":"Standl","year":"2021","journal-title":"An\u00e4sth Intensiv."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Karletshofer, M. (2010). Analyse Klinischer Und Histopathologischer Prognosefaktoren Bei Patienten Mit Magenkarzinom im Zeitraum von 1996 bis 2008, Universit\u00e4t Ulm."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Spiller, C. (2008). Retrospektive Studie \u00dcber Den Verlauf Bei Patienten Mit Magenkarzinom, Universit\u00e4t Hamburg."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2006.04.001","article-title":"Nutrition in the prevention of gastrointestinal cancer","volume":"20","author":"Goldbohm","year":"2006","journal-title":"Best Pr. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-023-01414-0","article-title":"Circulating hormones and risk of gastric cancer by subsite in three cohort studies","volume":"26","author":"Sanikini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastric Cancer"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-11-0834","article-title":"Sex hormones, hormonal interventions, and gastric cancer risk: A meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Camargo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1500161","article-title":"Body mass index, circulating levels of sex-steroid hormones, IGF-I and IGF-binding protein-3: A cross-sectional study in healthy women","volume":"150","author":"Lukanova","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"305","article-title":"Correlation of blood sex steroid hormones with body size, body fat distribution, and other known risk factors for breast cancer in post-menopausal Chinese women","volume":"15","author":"Boyapati","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"561","article-title":"C-peptide, IGF-I, sex-steroid hormones and adiposity: A cross-sectional study in healthy women within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)","volume":"16","author":"Bezemer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2834","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15558","article-title":"Association between obesity and the risk of gastric cancer in premenopausal and postmenopausal women: A nationwide cohort study","volume":"36","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"e38","article-title":"Sex and Gender Perspective in Obesity and Gastric Cancer","volume":"44","author":"Kim","year":"2026","journal-title":"World J. Men\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S132432","article-title":"Gastric cancer, nutritional status, and outcome","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Onco Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.101912","article-title":"Disentangling the obesity paradox in upper gastrointestinal cancers: Weight loss matters more than body mass index","volume":"72","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luan, X., Zhao, L., Zhang, F., Wang, W., Jiao, F., Zhou, X., Niu, P., Han, X., Zhang, X., and Zhao, D. (2024). Sex disparity, prediagnosis lifestyle factors, and long-term survival of gastric cancer: A multi-center cohort study from China. BMC Cancer, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-024-12873-8"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pescari, D., Mihuta, M.S., Bena, A., and Stoian, D. (2024). Comparative Analysis of Dietary Habits and Obesity Prediction: Body Mass Index versus Body Fat Percentage Classification Using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202408.1236.v1"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuichanuan, T., Kitisatorn, T., and Pongchaiyakul, C. (2024). New Body Mass Index Cut-Off Point for Obesity Diagnosis in Young Thai Adults. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16142216"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3181ad8935","article-title":"The obesity paradox: Body mass index and outcomes in patients undergoing nonbariatric general surgery","volume":"250","author":"Mullen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-015-2280-0","article-title":"Influence of BMI on short-term surgical outcome after colorectal cancer surgery: A study based on the Swedish national quality registry","volume":"30","author":"Hede","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Color. Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-010-0908-4","article-title":"Body mass index does not affect postoperative morbidity and oncologic outcomes of total mesorectal excision for rectal adenocarcinoma","volume":"17","author":"Ballian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.12726","article-title":"Impact of obesity on complications after resection for rectal cancer","volume":"16","author":"Bokey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Color. Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2012.04.019","article-title":"Predictive factors of in-hospital mortality in colon and rectal surgery","volume":"215","author":"Masoomi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Surg."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tjeertes, E.K.M., Hoeks, S.E., Beks, S.B.J., Valentijn, T.M., Hoofwijk, A.G.M., and Stolker, R.J. (2015). Obesity\u2014A risk factor for postoperative complications in general surgery?. BMC Anesthesiol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-015-0096-7"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-021-01228-y","article-title":"Clinical biomarkers in adjuvant chemotherapy for gastric cancer after D2 dissection by a pooled analysis of individual patient data from large randomized controlled trials","volume":"24","author":"Tsuburaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastric. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, W., Dai, J., Liu, C.C., Liu, D., and Xiao, H. (2022). Body Mass Index and Prognosis of Patients with Stage II\/III Gastric Cancer After Curative Gastrectomy: Completion of Perioperative Adjuvant Chemotherapy May Be a Confounding Factor. Front. Oncol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.899677"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32557-1","article-title":"FLOT4-AIO Investigators. Perioperative chemotherapy with fluorouracil plus leucovorin, oxaliplatin, and docetaxel versus fluorouracil or capecitabine plus cisplatin and epirubicin for locally advanced, resectable gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (FLOT4): A randomised, phase 2\/3 trial","volume":"393","author":"Homann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/19\/7517\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:18:33Z","timestamp":1790615913000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/19\/7517"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15197517"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15197517","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]]}}}