{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:01:53Z","timestamp":1790830913084,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Clin. Med.","JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) detoxifies acetaldehyde, and impaired ALDH2 activity has been implicated in carcinogenesis. The acetaldehyde breath test (ABT) enables noninvasive functional assessment of ALDH2 activity, but its association with pancreatic disease remains unclear. We examined associations between ABT-assessed ALDH2 activity and pancreatic disease outcomes. Methods: This case\u2013control study included 287 health checkup participants, 131 patients with benign pancreatic disease, and 65 patients with pancreatic cancer. Participants underwent ABT, and the acetaldehyde-to-ethanol (A\/E) ratio was calculated. The ALDH2 inactive phenotype was defined as an A\/E ratio \u2265 23.3. Multinomial logistic regression used health checkup participants as the reference. Results: The median A\/E ratio was higher in patients with benign pancreatic disease and pancreatic cancer than in health checkup participants (21.7 and 24.2 vs. 13.6; p &lt; 0.001). The ALDH2 inactive phenotype was associated with benign pancreatic disease (relative risk ratio [RRR], 3.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.85\u20136.83) and pancreatic cancer (RRR, 4.82; 95% CI, 2.13\u201310.88). The highest A\/E ratio category was also associated with benign pancreatic disease (RRR, 8.77; 95% CI, 3.59\u201321.39) and pancreatic cancer (RRR, 12.79; 95% CI, 4.41\u201337.09). Exploratory spline analyses showed associations between higher A\/E ratios and pancreatic disease outcomes without clear evidence of nonlinearity. Conclusions: A higher ABT-derived A\/E ratio was associated with benign pancreatic disease and pancreatic cancer in this selected case\u2013control study. Prospective studies are needed to determine whether functional assessment of aldehyde metabolism provides clinically useful information for pancreatic disease risk assessment. Trial registration number: UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN-CTR), UMIN000052609; registered 1 November 2023.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15197543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:50:54Z","timestamp":1790614254000},"page":"7543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Activity Assessed Using the Acetaldehyde Breath Test Is Associated with Benign Pancreatic Disease and Pancreatic Cancer: A Case\u2013Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5429-7416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yusuke","family":"Kamikihara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiroh","family":"Tanoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kohei","family":"Oda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4824-4154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fumisato","family":"Sasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Yamazato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryusuke","family":"Shibata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Issei","family":"Kojima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuko","family":"Morinaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5805-9502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Makoto","family":"Hinokuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiho","family":"Arima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8048-2203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Idichi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digestive Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1206-6384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuko","family":"Mataki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digestive Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takao","family":"Ohtsuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digestive Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Fujita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Izumi General Medical Center, 520 Myojincho, Izumi, Kagoshima 899-0131, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3676-8866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chihaya","family":"Koriyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1452-2374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shinichi","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1097\/JP9.0000000000000216","article-title":"Global characteristics of pancreatic cancer survival: A comprehensive overview of survival analysis from cancer registration data","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. 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