{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T09:56:58Z","timestamp":1790935018396,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Clin. Med.","JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The concept of personalized medicine has tremendous appeal\u2014tailoring diagnosis and treatment to an individual, rather than a \u201cone-size-fits-all\u201d approach. The management of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has rapidly evolved toward strategies increasingly guided by tumor biology and precision oncology. The safety and significant efficacy of biomarker-directed therapies in metastatic disease have fueled interest in applying precision oncology to early-stage, operable NSCLC. Advances in molecular profiling have revealed that a substantial proportion of resected NSCLC harbor actionable driver mutations, enabling the integration of targeted therapies into the perioperative setting. The success of adjuvant epidermal growth factor receptor and anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibition established a framework for biomarker-driven therapy and highlights the importance of comprehensive molecular testing at diagnosis. In parallel, perioperative immune checkpoint inhibitor-based strategies have expanded treatment options for appropriately selected patients, further emphasizing the importance of molecular profiling. Significant implementation gaps remain, including incomplete molecular testing, delayed results, inadequate tissue sampling, fragmented workflows, and disparities in access. Beyond clinically actionable driver mutations, emerging research highlights radiogenomics and advances in the use of circulating tumor DNA for minimal residual disease detection, with important implications for early recurrence detection and patient prognostication, although these technologies differ in clinical maturity. Collectively, these developments emphasize the molecular heterogeneity underlying early-stage NSCLC and the expanding role of biomarkers in guiding clinical decision-making. Integrating genomic, radiographic, and biologic markers into clinical workflows will be essential to refine risk stratification, personalize perioperative treatment strategies, and ultimately improve long-term oncologic outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15197644","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T09:10:48Z","timestamp":1790932248000},"page":"7644","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biomarker Integration in the Perioperative Management of Early-Stage Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2230-3240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily P.","family":"Rabinovich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7951-5677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda W.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"},{"name":"Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2023.06.004","article-title":"Recurrence After Complete Resection for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in the National Lung Screening Trial","volume":"116","author":"Potter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e205601","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2020.5601","article-title":"A Genomic-Pathologic Annotated Risk Model to Predict Recurrence in Early-Stage Lung Adenocarcinoma","volume":"156","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2023.11.042","article-title":"Recurrence-Free Survival in Patients with Surgically Resected Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"165","author":"Rajaram","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2026). NCCN Guidelines for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC), Version 8, National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Available online: https:\/\/www.nccn.org\/login?ReturnURL=https:\/\/www.nccn.org\/professionals\/physician_gls\/pdf\/nscl.pdf#page=91."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00312-3","article-title":"Lung cancer","volume":"398","author":"Thai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.11058","article-title":"Systemic Therapy for Locally Advanced and Metastatic Non\u2013Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Review","volume":"322","author":"Arbour","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2027071","article-title":"Osimertinib in Resected EGFR-Mutated Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"383","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2131892","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.31892","article-title":"Association of Clinicopathologic and Molecular Tumor Features with Recurrence in Resected Early-Stage Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor\u2013Positive Non\u2013Small Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"4","author":"Saw","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2602628","article-title":"Selpercatinib in Early-Stage RET Fusion-Positive Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"395","author":"Wu","year":"2026","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-55068-2","article-title":"Multi-omics analyses reveal biological and clinical insights in recurrent stage I non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18710","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-42851-2","article-title":"Prognosis of recurrence after complete resection in early-stage lung adenocarcinoma based on molecular alterations: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cllc.2025.09.015","article-title":"Actionable Gene Alterations in Resected Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Primary Results from the AGA-R Study","volume":"27","author":"Attili","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Lung Cancer"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyac035","article-title":"Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing Reveals Exceptionally High Rates of Molecular Driver Mutations in Never-Smokers with Lung Adenocarcinoma","volume":"27","author":"Mack","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"e247021","article-title":"Ancestry-, Sex-, and Age-Based Differences of Gene Alterations in NSCLC: From the Real-World Data of Cancer Genomic Profiling Tests","volume":"22","author":"Miura","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Natl. Compr. Cancer Netw."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1703413","article-title":"Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Advanced Non\u2013Small-Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"377","author":"Reck","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26814","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.4254","article-title":"A decade of EGFR inhibition in EGFR-mutated non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): Old successes and future perspectives","volume":"6","author":"Russo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040938","article-title":"Activating Mutations in the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Underlying Responsiveness of Non\u2013Small-Cell Lung Cancer to Gefitinib","volume":"350","author":"Lynch","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra044389","article-title":"Tyrosine Kinases as Targets for Cancer Therapy","volume":"353","author":"Krause","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(09)70155-X","article-title":"Molecular predictive and prognostic markers in non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"10","author":"Coate","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0707704","article-title":"EGFR Antagonists in Cancer Treatment","volume":"358","author":"Ciardiello","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3227","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.09.985","article-title":"Epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in non-small-cell lung cancer: Implications for treatment and tumor biology","volume":"23","author":"Engelman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-2346","article-title":"Molecular biology of lung cancer: Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines","volume":"143","author":"Powell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.22.02186","article-title":"Adjuvant Osimertinib for Resected EGFR-Mutated Stage IB-IIIA Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Updated Results from the Phase III Randomized ADAURA Trial","volume":"41","author":"Herbst","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2304594","article-title":"Overall Survival with Osimertinib in Resected EGFR-Mutated NSCLC","volume":"389","author":"Tsuboi","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108803","article-title":"Pattern of brain metastases and survival in lung adenocarcinoma with KRAS or EFGR mutation","volume":"209","author":"Faehling","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-1871","article-title":"Preclinical Comparison of the Blood-brain barrier Permeability of Osimertinib with Other EGFR TKIs","volume":"27","author":"Colclough","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y.L., Majem, M., John, T., Groh\u00e9, C., Wang, J., Goldman, J.W., Lu, S., Shepherd, F.A., Wang, Q., and Kato, T. (2026). Adjuvant Osimertinib in Resected EGFR-Mutated Stage IB-IIIA Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Exploratory 8-year Overall Survival Landmark Update from the ADAURA Trial [161\/175]. J. Thorac. Oncol., 104179.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2026.104179"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2875","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO-25-00883","article-title":"Neoadjuvant Osimertinib for Resectable EGFR-Mutated Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"43","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31473-8","article-title":"New and emerging targeted treatments in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"388","author":"Hirsch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.04.478","article-title":"Updated overall survival and final progression-free survival data for patients with treatment-naive advanced ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer in the ALEX study","volume":"31","author":"Mok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2310532","article-title":"Alectinib in Resected ALK-Positive Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"390","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2025.07.023","article-title":"Toward a chemotherapy-free future: Adjuvant alectinib in early-stage non\u2013small cell lung cancer","volume":"171","author":"Martin","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2103695","article-title":"Sotorasib for Lung Cancers with KRAS p.G12C Mutation","volume":"384","author":"Skoulidis","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1504688","article-title":"Clinical Implications of Genomic Discoveries in Lung Cancer","volume":"374","author":"Swanton","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00221-0","article-title":"Sotorasib versus docetaxel for previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer with KRASG12C mutation: A randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial","volume":"401","author":"Johnson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3983","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-020-09276-x","article-title":"Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing Analysis for Recurrence in Early-Stage Lung Adenocarcinoma","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2511065","article-title":"Sevabertinib in Advanced HER2-Mutant Non\u2013Small-Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"393","author":"Le","year":"2025","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2503704","article-title":"Zongertinib in Previously Treated HER2-Mutant Non\u2013Small-Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"392","author":"Heymach","year":"2025","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34807","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-18662-y","article-title":"Prognostic and predictive implications of tumor suppressor gene alterations in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"15","author":"Sposito","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2024.09.041","article-title":"The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Expert Consensus on the Multidisciplinary Management and Resectability of Locally Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"119","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2024.0057","article-title":"Neoadjuvant Chemoimmunotherapy for NSCLC: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Sorin","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2202170","article-title":"Neoadjuvant Nivolumab plus Chemotherapy in Resectable Lung Cancer","volume":"386","author":"Forde","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2502931","article-title":"Overall Survival with Neoadjuvant Nivolumab plus Chemotherapy in Lung Cancer","volume":"393","author":"Forde","year":"2025","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2302983","article-title":"Perioperative Pembrolizumab for Early-Stage Non\u2013Small-Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"389","author":"Wakelee","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2304875","article-title":"Perioperative Durvalumab for Resectable Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"389","author":"Heymach","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2311926","article-title":"Perioperative Nivolumab in Resectable Lung Cancer","volume":"390","author":"Cascone","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2024.03.010","article-title":"Evaluation of Major Pathologic Response and Pathologic Complete Response as Surrogate End Points for Survival in Randomized Controlled Trials of Neoadjuvant Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Resectable in NSCLC","volume":"19","author":"Hines","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phan, L., Cousin, S., Sitruk, L.A., Masson-Grehaigne, C., Lafon, M., Kasraoui, I., Italiano, A., Bonhomme, B., Palussi\u00e8re, J., and Domblides, C. (2026). Radiological, Radiomics, and Metastatic Patterns Associated with Targetable Oncogenic Drivers on CT-Scan of Newly Diagnosed NSCLC Patients: A Comprehensive Radiogenomics Review. Cancers, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18030472"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41674","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41674","article-title":"Predictive radiogenomics modeling of EGFR mutation status in lung cancer","volume":"7","author":"Gevaert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15877","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-66751-1","article-title":"Habitat radiomics and deep learning fusion nomogram to predict EGFR mutation status in stage I non-small cell lung cancer: A multicenter study","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3922","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-17-0122","article-title":"Somatic Mutations Drive Distinct Imaging Phenotypes in Lung Cancer","volume":"77","author":"Parmar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16744","article-title":"CT-based non-invasive identification of the most common gene mutation status in patients with non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"51","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3000605261460311","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605261460311","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of machine learning-based radiomics models for predicting epidermal growth factor receptor mutation status in lung adenocarcinoma in Chinese patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Yang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21579","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.21579","article-title":"Radiomic and clinical predictors of epidermal growth factor receptor mutation in stage IA non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"14","author":"Guan","year":"2026","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-021-00560-7","article-title":"Predicting cancer outcomes with radiomics and artificial intelligence in radiology","volume":"19","author":"Bera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2022.09.012","article-title":"Artificial intelligence for multimodal data integration in oncology","volume":"40","author":"Lipkova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-026-00922-2","article-title":"Advancing AI for multi-omics and clinical data integration in basic and translational cancer research","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.123.265715","article-title":"First-in-Humans PET Imaging of KRASG12C Mutation Status in Non-Small Cell Lung and Colorectal Cancer Patients Using [18F]PFPMD","volume":"64","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaan8840","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aan8840","article-title":"A PET imaging approach for determining EGFR mutation status for improved lung cancer patient management","volume":"10","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29832","article-title":"Predictive efficacy of 11C-PD153035 PET imaging for EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor sensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer patients","volume":"138","author":"Dai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00f6gn\u00e4sbacka, A., Poot, A.J., Vugts, D.J., van Dongen, G., and Windhorst, A.D. (2022). The Development of Positron Emission Tomography Tracers for In Vivo Targeting the Kinase Domain of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15040450"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djae225","article-title":"Racial and socioeconomic disparities in non-small cell lung cancer molecular diagnostics uptake","volume":"117","author":"Tuminello","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"e56","article-title":"Therapy for Stage IV Non\u2013Small Cell Lung Cancer Without Driver Alterations: ASCO Living Guideline, 2026.3.0","volume":"44","author":"Reuss","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9225","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd-2025-761","article-title":"Strategies for improving biomarker testing rates in non-small cell lung cancer in north America: A scoping review","volume":"17","author":"Salazar","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2022.03.004","article-title":"Biomarker testing and tissue journey among patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer receiving first-line therapy in The US Oncology Network","volume":"166","author":"Robert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.05.082","article-title":"Disparities in Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutation Testing for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Insights from the National Cancer Database","volume":"326","author":"Arora","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"e15","article-title":"Therapy for Stage IV Non\u2013Small Cell Lung Cancer with Driver Alterations: ASCO Living Guideline, 2026.3.0","volume":"44","author":"Puri","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.17695","article-title":"Lung Cancer in Nonsmoking Individuals: A Review","volume":"334","author":"Murphy","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, D.W., Choi, H.C., and Lee, V.H. (2022). Treatment-Related Adverse Events of Combination EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor in EGFR-Mutant Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14092157"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2020.08.025","article-title":"Real-World Evaluation of Factors for Interstitial Lung Disease Incidence and Radiologic Characteristics in Patients with EGFR T790M-positive NSCLC Treated with Osimertinib in Japan","volume":"15","author":"Gemma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdz077","article-title":"Severe immune-related adverse events are common with sequential PD-(L)1 blockade and osimertinib","volume":"30","author":"Schoenfeld","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2026.03.622","article-title":"The 2026 American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS) Expert Consensus Document: Evaluation and Management of N2+ Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"172","author":"Linden","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22364","article-title":"Phylogenetic ctDNA analysis depicts early-stage lung cancer evolution","volume":"545","author":"Abbosh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2023.0459","article-title":"Adjuvant Treatments for Surgically Resected Non\u2013Small Cell Lung Cancer Harboring EGFR Mutations: A Review","volume":"9","author":"Passaro","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1616288","article-title":"Tracking the Evolution of Non\u2013Small-Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"376","author":"Wilson","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-05776-4","article-title":"Tracking early lung cancer metastatic dissemination in TRACERx using ctDNA","volume":"616","author":"Abbosh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03577-y","article-title":"Molecular residual disease analysis of adjuvant osimertinib in resected EGFR-mutated stage IB-IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"31","author":"Herbst","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clon.2025.103892","article-title":"Postoperative Circulating Tumour DNA in Predicting Recurrence of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2026.103696","article-title":"Consensus Statement on ctDNA Minimal Residual Disease Testing in Early Stage NSCLC: A Delphi Study by the Asian Thoracic Oncology Research Group","volume":"21","author":"Tan","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-024-00985-w","article-title":"Circulating tumour DNA in early stage and locally advanced NSCLC: Ready for clinical implementation?","volume":"22","author":"Normanno","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2025.09.017","article-title":"TROPION-Lung12: A phase 3 study of adjuvant datopotamab deruxtecan and rilvegostomig in ctDNA-positive or high-risk pathology stage I non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"171","author":"Jones","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02333-3","article-title":"Segmentectomy versus lobectomy in small-sized peripheral non-small-cell lung cancer (JCOG0802\/WJOG4607L): A multicentre, open-label, phase 3, randomised, controlled, non-inferiority trial","volume":"399","author":"Saji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2212083","article-title":"Lobar or Sublobar Resection for Peripheral Stage IA Non\u2013Small-Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"388","author":"Altorki","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/19\/7644\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T09:21:55Z","timestamp":1790932915000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/19\/7644"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15197644"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15197644","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]}}}