{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T11:57:22Z","timestamp":1791201442907,"version":"4.2.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Clin. Med.","JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Several treatments for chronic inducible urticaria (CIndU) have been studied, but reviews covering all subtypes are limited. Objectives: Our goal is to synthesize the effectiveness and safety of available therapies across all CIndU subtypes. Methods: We performed a review of PubMed and Scopus databases to identify studies reporting treatment data on cold urticaria, symptomatic dermographism, solar urticaria, delayed-pressure urticaria, exercise-induced urticaria, cholinergic urticaria and mixed subtypes. No studies were identified that specifically focused on heat, aquagenic, or contact urticaria; however, these subtypes are encompassed within certain studies examining mixed subtypes. Results: Our search yielded 36 studies. Second-generation H1-antihistamines as first-line treatment provided significant symptom control in most CIndU subtypes, with updosing to four times the standard dose showing greater effectiveness than standard doses. Omalizumab was highly effective as second-line treatment for antihistamine-refractory patients, although relapse after discontinuation was common. In delayed-pressure urticaria dapsone and high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin yielded good responses. Narrowband UVB benefited symptomatic dermographism and solar urticaria but with high relapse rates. Emerging mast cell-depleting therapies (barzolvolimab, lirentelimab) showed promising effectiveness, while the interleukin-1 inhibitor rilonacept failed to demonstrate clinical benefit. Across the 36 studies, adverse events were generally low for most treatments, with higher incidence reported with barzolvolimab. Conclusions: Updosed antihistamines are more effective than standard doses in controlling CIndU symptoms without a significant increase in adverse events. Omalizumab at 150\u2013300 mg every 4 weeks is effective for antihistamine-refractory CIndU, though it is off-label. Relapse after treatment cessation is frequent, highlighting the need for personalized long-term strategies. Novel endotype-specific treatments require dedicated CIndU trials, as current evidence is largely extrapolated from chronic spontaneous urticaria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15197685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T10:57:46Z","timestamp":1791197866000},"page":"7685","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effectiveness and Safety of Pharmacological Treatments for Chronic Inducible Urticaria: A Narrative Synthesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Eleni","family":"Chatzidimitriou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, \u201cA. Sygros\u201d Hospital for Skin and Venereal Diseases, 16121 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisavet","family":"Tsiogka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, \u201cA. Sygros\u201d Hospital for Skin and Venereal Diseases, 16121 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aikaterini","family":"Tsiogka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, \u201cA. Sygros\u201d Hospital for Skin and Venereal Diseases, 16121 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1156-7139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis-Alexios","family":"Koumprentziotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, \u201cA. Sygros\u201d Hospital for Skin and Venereal Diseases, 16121 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2713-2380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Makris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy Unit, 2nd Department of Dermatology and Venereology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University General Hospital \u2018Attikon\u2019, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Rigopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hygeia Hospital, 15123 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandros I.","family":"Stratigos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, \u201cA. Sygros\u201d Hospital for Skin and Venereal Diseases, 16121 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7585-1032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stamatios","family":"Gregoriou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, \u201cA. Sygros\u201d Hospital for Skin and Venereal Diseases, 16121 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2582","DOI":"10.1111\/all.70210","article-title":"The International Guideline for the Definition, Classification, Diagnosis and Management of Urticaria","volume":"81","author":"Zuberbier","year":"2026","journal-title":"Allergy Eur. J. Allergy Clin. 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Dermatol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/19\/7685\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T11:11:57Z","timestamp":1791198717000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/19\/7685"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15197685"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15197685","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]]}}}