{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T02:48:55Z","timestamp":1791600535356,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Minister of Science","award":["RID\/SP\/0051\/2024\/01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RID\/SP\/0051\/2024\/01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Clin. Med.","JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: This study examined whether adding relaxation-oriented immersive virtual reality (VR) to pelvic floor muscle electrostimulation with electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback was associated with additional improvement in incontinence-related quality of life among postmenopausal women. Methods: In this exploratory non-randomized controlled pilot trial, 40 postmenopausal women received electrostimulation with EMG biofeedback alone (ES; n = 20) or the same intervention preceded by VR (VR + ES; n = 20). Participants completed eight sessions over 2 weeks and were assessed at baseline (T0), post-intervention (T1), and 2-week follow-up (T2); T1 was the prespecified primary assessment. The primary outcome was the Incontinence Quality of Life Questionnaire (I-QOL) total score. Secondary outcomes included pelvic floor EMG, bladder-diary variables, other quality-of-life measures, perceived stress, and self-esteem. Baseline-adjusted linear mixed models were used. The registry record was submitted before enrollment (NCT07070063). Results: Thirty-six participants contributed to the primary analysis. The adjusted between-group difference in I-QOL was \u22121.65 points at T1 (95% CI, \u221210.03 to 6.74; p = 0.70) and \u22124.00 points at T2 (95% CI, \u221212.38 to 4.39; p = 0.35). Adjusted contrasts were non-significant for the remaining questionnaire and EMG outcomes. Selected bladder-diary outcomes differed between groups, but these analyses were exploratory, unadjusted for multiple comparisons, and did not directly quantify urinary leakage. Conclusions: The study did not detect a statistically significant additional improvement in incontinence-related quality of life with adjunctive VR. Confidence intervals remained compatible with potentially meaningful effects in either direction. Given the small sample and non-randomized design, the findings are preliminary and hypothesis-generating.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15197726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T01:40:17Z","timestamp":1791596417000},"page":"7726","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Adjunctive Immersive Virtual Reality for Urinary Incontinence-Related Quality of Life in Postmenopausal Women with Urinary Incontinence: A Non-Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7921-7058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Ko\u0142ody\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7275-7860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u0142a\u017cej","family":"Cie\u015blik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Healthcare Innovation Technology Lab, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, 30126 Venice, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5887-817X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Pi\u0105tek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynaecology, Independent Public Health Care Center of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration in Wroclaw, 50-233 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0924-6870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Zalewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynaecology, Independent Public Health Care Center of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration in Wroclaw, 50-233 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Szczepa\u0144ska-Gieracha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health, DSW Ideis University, 53-611 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0010-3021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waldemar","family":"Andrzejewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harland, N., Walz, S., Eberli, D., Schmid, F., Aicher, W., Stenzl, A., and Amend, B. 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