{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T02:48:51Z","timestamp":1791600531401,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Clin. Med.","JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) modulates the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL)\/osteoprotegerin (OPG) system in periodontal cells in vitro but has not been measured in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). This study compared GCF PTHrP, RANKL, and OPG across periodontal health, gingivitis, and periodontitis. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 81 participants with periodontal health, gingivitis, or stage III grade B periodontitis (n = 27 each). GCF was collected from two interproximal sites per participant. PTHrP, RANKL, and OPG were quantified by ELISA and expressed as total amount per site and concentration. Group comparisons were repeated with adjustment for age and sex. Results: PTHrP total amount differed between all three groups, with values of 4.26 \u00b1 2.96, 12.45 \u00b1 5.77, and 19.67 \u00b1 4.59 pg\/site in periodontal health, gingivitis, and periodontitis, respectively (p &lt; 0.001). RANKL total amount did not differ among groups (median: 51.40, 51.40, and 51.78 pg\/site; p = 0.977). OPG total amount was lower (median: 53.36, 46.70, and 46.70 pg\/site; p &lt; 0.001) and the RANKL\/OPG ratio higher (median: 0.98, 1.10, and 1.14; p &lt; 0.001) in both disease groups than in periodontal health. After adjustment, PTHrP and OPG differences persisted, whereas no pairwise difference in the RANKL\/OPG ratio remained significant. PTHrP correlated negatively with OPG (r = \u22120.530) and positively with the RANKL\/OPG ratio (r = 0.481; both adjusted p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: GCF PTHrP total amount differed between periodontal health, gingivitis, and periodontitis, with the highest values in periodontitis. These cross-sectional findings identify an association between GCF PTHrP and periodontal status but do not establish a causal role for PTHrP in periodontal tissue breakdown.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15197752","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T01:40:17Z","timestamp":1791596417000},"page":"7752","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gingival Crevicular Fluid Levels of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein, RANK Ligand, and Osteoprotegerin in Periodontal Health, Gingivitis, and Periodontitis: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9848-0927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bilge","family":"Merac\u0131 Y\u0131ld\u0131ran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, 14030 Bolu, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuray","family":"Ercan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, 14030 Bolu, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Esra","family":"Ate\u015f Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, 14030 Bolu, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Zeynep","family":"Akg\u00fcl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, 14030 Bolu, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"\u00d6zg\u00fcr Mehmet","family":"Yis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, 14030 Bolu, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S68","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12940","article-title":"Periodontal Health and Gingival Diseases and Conditions on an Intact and a Reduced Periodontium: Consensus Report of Workgroup 1 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions","volume":"45","author":"Chapple","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"S173","article-title":"Periodontitis: Consensus Report of Workgroup 2 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions","volume":"89","author":"Papapanou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, L., Huang, C.-M., Wang, Q., Wei, J., Xie, L., and Hu, C.-Y. (2025). Burden of Severe Periodontitis: New Insights Based on a Systematic Analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. BMC Oral Health, 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06271-0"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.13337","article-title":"Burden of Severe Periodontitis and Edentulism in 2021, with Projections up to 2050: The Global Burden of Disease 2021 Study","volume":"59","author":"Nascimento","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615486","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/615486","article-title":"Mechanisms of Bone Resorption in Periodontitis","volume":"2015","author":"Hienz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.05.013","article-title":"Human oral mucosa cell atlas reveals a stromal-neutrophil axis regulating tissue immunity","volume":"184","author":"Williams","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.14061","article-title":"Gingival Crevicular Fluid Biomarkers During Periodontitis Progression and After Periodontal Treatment","volume":"52","author":"Teles","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.14048","article-title":"Salivary and serum inflammatory biomarkers during periodontitis progression and after treatment","volume":"51","author":"Teles","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1177\/154411130401500202","article-title":"New molecules in the tumor necrosis factor ligand and receptor superfamilies with importance for physiological and pathological bone resorption","volume":"15","author":"Lerner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R59","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI10763","article-title":"Functional Human T-Cell Immunity and Osteoprotegerin Ligand Control Alveolar Bone Destruction in Periodontal Infection","volume":"106","author":"Teng","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0765.2003.00615.x","article-title":"Receptor Activator NF \u03baB Ligand (RANKL) and Osteoprotegerin (OPG) Protein Expression in Periodontitis","volume":"38","author":"Crotti","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910408300216","article-title":"Differential Expression of RANKL and Osteoprotegerin in Gingival Crevicular Fluid of Patients with Periodontitis","volume":"83","author":"Mogi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1731930","article-title":"Investigation of Salivary RANKL and OPG Levels in Periodontitis Patients at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia","volume":"16","author":"Asif","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2013.130012","article-title":"Total Oxidant Status and Bone Resorption Biomarkers in Serum and Gingival Crevicular Fluid of Patients with Periodontitis","volume":"85","author":"Kehribar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2011.01810.x","article-title":"The RANKL-OPG System in Clinical Periodontology","volume":"39","author":"Belibasakis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2007.01061.x","article-title":"Gingival Crevicular Fluid Levels of RANKL and OPG in Periodontal Diseases: Implications of Their Relative Ratio","volume":"34","author":"Bostanci","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1617","article-title":"Twenty-Five Years of PTHrP Progress: From Cancer Hormone to Multifunctional Cytokine","volume":"27","author":"McCauley","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-5769(01)00040-6","article-title":"A Role for Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory\/Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"1","author":"Funk","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C242","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00018.2017","article-title":"Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein Modulates Inflammation in Mouse Mesangial Cells and Blunts Apoptosis by Enhancing COX-2 Expression","volume":"314","author":"Hochane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002775","article-title":"Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein Promotes Inflammation in the Kidney with an Obstructed Ureter","volume":"73","author":"Ardura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI728","article-title":"Synovium as a Source of Increased Amino-Terminal Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein Expression in Rheumatoid Arthritis. A Possible Role for Locally Produced Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"101","author":"Funk","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/35.11.1056","article-title":"Parathyroid Hormone-Related Peptide In Synovial Fluid and Disease Activity of Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"35","author":"Okano","year":"1996","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.11136","article-title":"Effect of Abaloparatide vs Placebo on New Vertebral Fractures in Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporosis: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"316","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10710","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10710","article-title":"Abaloparatide Has the Same Catabolic Effects on Bones of Mice When Infused as PTH (1\u201334)","volume":"7","author":"Finnie","year":"2023","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910508400407","article-title":"Parathyroid-Hormone-Related Protein Induces Expression of Receptor Activator of NF-\u03baB Ligand in Human Periodontal Ligament Cells via a CAMP\/Protein Kinase A-Independent Pathway","volume":"84","author":"Fukushima","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2004.75.9.1247","article-title":"The Role of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein in the Regulation of Osteoclastogenesis by Cementoblasts","volume":"75","author":"Boabaid","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11846","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.20.11846","article-title":"Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein Is Required for Tooth Eruption","volume":"95","author":"Philbrick","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2000.15.11.2140","article-title":"Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein Regulates Extracellular Matrix Gene Expression in Cementoblasts and Inhibits Cementoblast-Mediated Mineralization in Vitro","volume":"15","author":"Ouyang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjx099","article-title":"PTH1R Signalling Regulates the Mechanotransduction Process of Cementoblasts under Cyclic Tensile Stress","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12885","article-title":"PTH\/PTHrP in Controlled Release Hydrogel Enhances Orthodontic Tooth Movement by Regulating Periodontal Bone Remodaling","volume":"56","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cazzolla, A.P., Brescia, V., Lovero, R., Fontana, A., Giustino, A., Dioguardi, M., Di Comite, M.S., Di Serio, F., Ciavarella, D., and Crincoli, V. (2024). Evaluation of Biomarkers of Bone Metabolism on Salivary Matrix in the Remodeling of Periodontal Tissue during Orthodontic Treatment. Dent. J., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj12070209"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2017.06.013","article-title":"Parathyroid Hormone-Related Peptide (1\u201334) Reduces Alveolar Bone Loss in Type 1 Diabetic Rats","volume":"83","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.22-0211","article-title":"Abaloparatide Outperforms Teriparatide in Protecting against Alveolar Bone Loss in Experimental Periodontitis","volume":"94","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12935","article-title":"A New Classification Scheme for Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions\u2014Introduction and Key Changes from the 1999 Classification","volume":"45","author":"Caton","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.3109\/00016356309011240","article-title":"Periodontal Disease in Pregnancy I. Prevalence and Severity","volume":"21","author":"Silness","year":"1963","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3109\/00016356408993968","article-title":"Periodontal Disease in Pregnancy II. Correlation Between Oral Hygiene and Periodontal Condition","volume":"22","author":"Silness","year":"1964","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-010-0248-7","article-title":"Gingival crevicular fluid IL-6, tPA, PAI-2, albumin levels following initial periodontal treatment in chronic periodontitis patients with or without type 2 diabetes","volume":"60","author":"Buduneli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (2013). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1988.tb01010.x","article-title":"A Comparison of 4 Methods of Data Presentation for Lysosomal Enzyme Activity in Gingival Crevicular Fluid","volume":"15","author":"Lamster","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1986.tb00885.x","article-title":"Enzyme Activity in Human Gingival Crevicular Fluid: Considerations in Data Reporting Based on Analysis of Individual Crevicular Sites","volume":"13","author":"Lamster","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1998.9141","article-title":"Cytokine-Induced Expression of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Peptide in Cultured Human Vascular Endothelial Cells","volume":"249","author":"Eto","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(95)90265-1","article-title":"Interleukin-1\u03b2 and Interleukin-4 Increase Parathyroid Hormone\u2014Related Protein Secretion by Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells in Culture","volume":"173","author":"Ferguson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"471","article-title":"Expression of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein in Human Inflamed Dental Pulp","volume":"14","author":"Marigo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2001.72.1.65","article-title":"Fluid Dynamics of Gingival Tissues in Transition From Physiological Condition to Inflammation","volume":"72","author":"Francetti","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2016.05.007","article-title":"The Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein Is Secreted during the Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Dental Follicle Cells and Inhibits the Alkaline Phosphatase Activity and the Expression of DLX3","volume":"48","author":"Reck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1810200115","article-title":"Autocrine Regulation of Mesenchymal Progenitor Cell Fates Orchestrates Tooth Eruption","volume":"116","author":"Takahashi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7296","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.110553397","article-title":"Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein Induces Spontaneous Osteoclast Formation via a Paracrine Cascade","volume":"97","author":"Nakchbandi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-015-2214-8","article-title":"Regulation of OPG and RANKL Expressed by Human Dental Follicle Cells in Osteoclastogenesis","volume":"362","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3291","article-title":"Autocrine and Paracrine Regulation of the Murine Skeleton by Osteocyte-Derived Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein","volume":"33","author":"Ansari","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2014.03.025","article-title":"Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein (107-111) Improves the Bone Regeneration Potential of Gelatin\u2013Glutaraldehyde Biopolymer-Coated Hydroxyapatite","volume":"10","author":"Lozano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u0131z\u0131lda\u011f, A., Alpan, A.L., \u00d6zdo\u011fan, Z., \u00d6zmen, \u00d6., Zavrak, N., and Terzi, M. (2025). The Effects of Abaloparatide on Alveolar Bone Loss in Postmenopausal Osteoporotic Rats with Periodontitis. BMC Oral Health, 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06915-1"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-025-00392-6","article-title":"Local Abaloparatide Administration Promotes in Situ Alveolar Bone Augmentation via FAK-Mediated Periosteal Osteogenesis","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.23-0692","article-title":"Inflammation and Tissue Remodeling Mediator Expression during Gingivitis: A Comparison between Experimental, Naturally Occurring Gingivitis, and Periodontal Health","volume":"95","author":"Hsu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"752","article-title":"Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa B Ligand and Osteoprotegerin Levels in Gingival Crevicular Fluid","volume":"9","author":"Sarlati","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dent. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-9175.180992","article-title":"Serum, Saliva, and GCF Concentration of RANKL and Osteoprotegerin in Smokers versus Nonsmokers with Chronic Periodontitis","volume":"5","author":"Behfarnia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-3580","article-title":"Soluble Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Ligand and Osteoprotegerin Levels in Gingival Crevicular Fluid among Cigarette Smokers and Non-Smokers with and without Periodontitis","volume":"24","author":"Rahman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2006.00883.x","article-title":"Identification of the Osteoprotegerin\/Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-\u03baB Ligand System in Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Tissue of Patients with Chronic Periodontitis","volume":"41","author":"Lu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2004.75.12.1586","article-title":"Levels of Cytokine Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor \u03baB Ligand in Gingival Crevicular Fluid in Untreated Chronic Periodontitis Patients","volume":"75","author":"Vernal","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2009.090106","article-title":"Interleukin-17, RANKL, and Osteoprotegerin Levels in Gingival Crevicular Fluid From Smoking and Non-Smoking Patients With Chronic Periodontitis During Initial Periodontal Treatment","volume":"80","author":"Buduneli","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2018.04.023","article-title":"Periodontitis in US Adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2014","volume":"149","author":"Eke","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980200045","article-title":"Correlates of osteoprotegerin levels in women and men","volume":"13","author":"Khosla","year":"2002","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/19\/7752\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T01:55:42Z","timestamp":1791597342000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/19\/7752"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15197752"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15197752","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]}}}