{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:25:11Z","timestamp":1772252711244,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,19]],"date-time":"2015-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1431993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of secondary hypopituitarism in children and adults, and is responsible for impaired quality of life, disabilities and compromised development. Alterations of pituitary function can occur at  any time after the traumatic event, presenting in various ways and evolving during time, so  they require appropriate screening for early detection and treatment. Although the exact pathophysiology is unknown, several mechanisms have been hypothesized, including hypothalamic-pituitary autoimmunity (HP-A). The aim of this study was to systematically review literature on the association between HP-A and TBI-induced hypopituitarism. Major pitfalls related to the HP-A investigation were also discussed. Methods: The PubMed database was searched with a string developed for this purpose, without temporal or language limits, for original articles assessing the association of HP-A and TBI-induced hypopituitarism. Results: Three articles from the same group met the inclusion criteria.  Anti-pituitary and anti-hypothalamic antibodies were detected using indirect immunofluorescence in a significant number of patients with acute and chronic TBI. Elevated antibody titer was associated with an increased risk of persistent hypopituitarism, especially somatotroph and gonadotroph deficiency, while no correlations were found with clinical parameters. Conclusion: HPA seems to contribute to TBI-induced pituitary damage,    although major methodological issues need to be overcome and larger studies are warranted to confirm these preliminary data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm4051025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,19]],"date-time":"2015-05-19T10:35:57Z","timestamp":1432031757000},"page":"1025-1035","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Hypothalamic-Pituitary Autoimmunity and Traumatic  Brain Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Federica","family":"Guaraldi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, Turin 10126, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Grottoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, Turin 10126, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emanuela","family":"Arvat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oncological Endocrinology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Bramante 88, Turin 10126, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ezio","family":"Ghigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, Turin 10126, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-4129","article-title":"Prevalence of pituitary dysfunction after severe traumatic brain injury in children and adolescents: A large prospective study","volume":"99","author":"Personnier","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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