{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T00:36:49Z","timestamp":1792197409465,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":187,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,5]],"date-time":"2016-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The diaphragm is the main inspiratory muscle, and its dysfunction can lead to significant adverse clinical consequences. The aim of this review is to provide clinicians with an overview of the main causes of uni- and bi-lateral diaphragm dysfunction, explore the clinical and physiological consequences of the disease on lung function, exercise physiology and sleep and review the available diagnostic tools used in the evaluation of diaphragm function. A particular emphasis is placed on the clinical significance of diaphragm weakness in the intensive care unit setting and the use of ultrasound to evaluate diaphragmatic action.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm5120113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,5]],"date-time":"2016-12-05T10:27:09Z","timestamp":1480933629000},"page":"113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":176,"title":["Diaphragm Dysfunction: Diagnostic Approaches and Management Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Bruno-Pierre","family":"Dub\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de M\u00e9decine, Service de Pneumologie, H\u00f4pital H\u00f4tel-Dieu du Centre Hospitalier de I\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al (CHUM), Montr\u00e9al, QC H2W 1T8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Dres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Charles Foix, Service de Pneumologie et R\u00e9animation M\u00e9dicale (D\u00e9partement \u201cR3S\u201d), F-75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.93.04050587","article-title":"Human respiratory muscles: Fibre morphology and capillary supply","volume":"4","author":"Mizuno","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur. 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