{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T15:07:42Z","timestamp":1781276862601,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,26]],"date-time":"2017-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI 076395"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI 076395"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Lottie Caroline Hardy Trust","award":["None"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["None"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Experiments with B cell-deficient (B\u2212\/\u2212) mice indicate that a number of autoimmune diseases require B cells in addition to T cells for their development. Using B\u2212\/\u2212 Non-obese diabetic (NOD) and NOD.H-2h4 mice, we demonstrated that development of spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis (SAT), Sjogren\u2019s syndrome and diabetes do not develop in B\u2212\/\u2212 mice, whereas all three diseases develop in B cell-positive wild-type (WT) mice. B cells are required early in life, since reconstitution of adult mice with B cells or autoantibodies did not restore their ability to develop disease. B cells function as important antigen presenting cells (APC) to initiate activation of autoreactive CD4+ effector T cells. If B cells are absent or greatly reduced in number, other APC will present the antigen, such that Treg are preferentially activated and effector T cells are not activated. In these situations, B\u2212\/\u2212 or B cell-depleted mice develop the autoimmune disease when T regulatory cells (Treg) are transiently depleted. This review focuses on how B cells influence Treg activation and function, and briefly considers factors that influence the effectiveness of B cell depletion for treatment of autoimmune diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm6020013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,26]],"date-time":"2017-01-26T09:55:23Z","timestamp":1485424523000},"page":"13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Mechanisms by Which B Cells and Regulatory T Cells Influence Development of Murine Organ-Specific Autoimmune Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Jason","family":"Ellis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology &amp; Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3614-3578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen","family":"Braley-Mullen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology &amp; Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7262","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.12.7262","article-title":"Early requirement for B cells for development of spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis in NOD.H-2h4 mice","volume":"165","author":"Yu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. 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