{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T03:22:22Z","timestamp":1790479342992,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,31]],"date-time":"2018-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the incidence of central nervous system (CNS) infection following the use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). A retrospective cohort study was conducted in Taiwan by using data from the National Health Insurance Research Database. We identified and enrolled 16,241 patients with CNS infection who used PPIs (PPI users). The patients were individually propensity score matched (1:1) according to age, sex, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), H2 blocker, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroid, and immunosuppressant use with 16,241 controls (PPI nonusers). A Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) for CNS infection in the PPI users and nonusers. After adjustment for other confounding factors, the incidence of CNS infection in the PPI users was 2.23-fold higher than that in the PPI nonusers (95% CI = 1.27\u20133.94). In addition, the PPI users exhibited a higher risk of CNS infection than the nonusers in the hypertension and CCI = 1 groups (aHR = 3.80, 95% CI = 1.40\u201310.32; aHR = 2.47, 95% CI = 1.07\u20135.70 in the PPI users and nonusers, respectively). In conclusions, according to these results, we concluded that the incidence of CNS infection was higher in the PPI users than in the nonusers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7090252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,31]],"date-time":"2018-08-31T10:57:52Z","timestamp":1535713072000},"page":"252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Association between Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and CNS Infection Risk: A Retrospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Wei-Te","family":"Hung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying-Hock","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0365-7927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shun-Fa","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han-Wei","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying-Tung","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Hsun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Yung","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Chih","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi-Ho","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3978-5576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao-Bin","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-013-0012-x","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitors in pediatrics: Mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, pharmacogenetics, and pharmacodynamics","volume":"15","author":"Ward","year":"2013","journal-title":"Paediatr. 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