{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T22:17:09Z","timestamp":1782166629596,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,21]],"date-time":"2018-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Postmenopausal osteoporosis is the most common form of osteoporosis and one of the major public health problems in developed countries. The prevalence of this condition, associated with the physiological stage of menopause, is continuously increasing. This study evaluated the effectiveness of soy isoflavones as compared to hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in low doses, on the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis, by determining bone mineral density (BMD) and urinary deoxypyridinoline (D-pyr) in physiological postmenopausal women. The study was conducted over a period of 12 months, on three parallel groups, which included a total of 325 postmenopausal women (HRT group: n = 95; phytoestrogens group: n = 124; control group: n = 106). At the one-year evaluation, we observed T-score normalization in a small number of cases (5.26%, 2.42% and 0.00%, respectively). The average values of D-Pyr decreased by 11.38% in the group treated with phytoestrogens (p &lt; 0.05) and by 15.32% in the group that followed HRT (p &lt; 0.05); it increased by 4.38% in the control group (p &gt; 0.05). Both therapies have beneficial effects on bone metabolism, leading to a significant decrease in the evolution of bone resorption and there are no major differences between the efficacy of HRT and phytoestrogens in terms of the effects on BMD and bone resorption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7100297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,21]],"date-time":"2018-09-21T11:00:25Z","timestamp":1537527625000},"page":"297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Effects of the Hormone Replacement Therapy and of Soy Isoflavones on Bone Resorption in Postmenopause"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0296-6592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Delia","family":"Tit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3236-1292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Bungau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ciprian","family":"Iovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6485-7180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Delia","family":"Nistor Cseppento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psycho Neuroscience and Recovery, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3315-2364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Endres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psycho Neuroscience and Recovery, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Sava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anca","family":"Sabau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Sport and Physical Therapy, Faculty of Geography, Tourism and Sport, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gheorghe","family":"Furau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Arad County Clinical Hospital, 310048 Arad, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cVasile Goldis\u201d Western University of Arad, 310045 Arad, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7158-2579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Furau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Arad County Clinical Hospital, 310048 Arad, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cVasile Goldis\u201d Western University of Arad, 310045 Arad, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-1876","article-title":"Bone mineral density changes during the menopause transition in a multiethnic cohort of women","volume":"93","author":"Finkelstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68891-0","article-title":"Osteoporosis","volume":"367","author":"Sambrook","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2000.15.4.721","article-title":"Patients with prior fractures have an increased risk of future fractures: A summary of the literature and statistical synthesis","volume":"15","author":"Klotzbuecher","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"630","article-title":"Risk factors for osteoporosis related to their outcome: Fractures","volume":"1","author":"Geusens","year":"2001","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650070902","article-title":"Perspective how many women have osteoporosis?","volume":"7","author":"Melton","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Forddham, J.N. (2004). Osteoporosis: Your Questions Answered, Churchill Livingstone."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2009.260","article-title":"Osteoporosis: Impact on healt and economics","volume":"6","author":"Harvey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"8","article-title":"Advances in hormone replacement therapy: Making the menopause manageable","volume":"6874","author":"Palacios","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5122(02)00336-5","article-title":"Spanish Menopause Society (AEEM), relevant results of the WHI study for the management of the menopause in Spain","volume":"4","author":"Palacios","year":"2003","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2001-5002","article-title":"Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. V. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of hormone replacement therapy in treating and preventing osteoporosis in postmenopausal women","volume":"23","author":"Wells","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Writing Group for the Women\u2019s Health Initiative Investigators (2002). Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: Principle results from the Women\u2019s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 288, 321\u2013333.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.3.321"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.18.2228","article-title":"Peripheral arterial disease in randomized trial of estrogen with progestin in women with coronary heart disease: The Heart and Estrogen\/Progestin Replacement Study","volume":"102","author":"Hsia","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0659","article-title":"Amount of bone loss in relation to time around the final menstrual period and follicle-stimulating hormone staging of the transmenopause","volume":"95","author":"Sowers","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-7847.79098","article-title":"Phytoestrogens in postmenopausal indications: A theoretical perspective","volume":"5","author":"Sunita","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"419","article-title":"The effects of soy isoflavones and hormonal replacing therapy on the incidence and evolution of postmenopausal female urinary incontinence","volume":"64","author":"Bumbu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Farmacia"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3109\/07853899709113696","article-title":"Phyto-oestrogens and western diseases","volume":"29","author":"Adlercreutz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"109","article-title":"Soy intake related to menopausal symptoms, serum lipids, and bone mineral density in postmenopausal Japanese women","volume":"97","author":"Somekawa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.16.1890","article-title":"Prospective cohort study of soy food consumption and risk of bone fracture among postmenopausal women","volume":"165","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-7-17","article-title":"Soy isoflavones, estrogen therapy, and breast cancer risk: Analysis and commentary","volume":"7","author":"Messina","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(98)00281-4","article-title":"Phytoestrogens: The \u201cnatural\u201d selective estrogen receptor modulators","volume":"85","author":"Brezinski","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Rep. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms11020480","article-title":"Bioactivity of Isoflavones: Assessment through a Theoretical Model as a Way to Obtain a \u201cTheoretical Efficacy Related to Estradiol (TERE)\u201d","volume":"11","author":"Campos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2016.12.015","article-title":"Evaluation of isoflavone content and antioxidant activity of selected soy taxa","volume":"57","author":"Szymczak","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Compost. Anal."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5122(02)00345-6","article-title":"Soy isoflavones: Hope or Hype","volume":"44","author":"Fizpatrick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.051205","article-title":"Prediction by DXA and QUS: A 10-Year Prospective Study","volume":"21","author":"Stewart","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00297294","article-title":"Discriminatory ability of bone mass measurements (SPA and DEXA) for fractures in elderly postmenopausal women","volume":"50","author":"Overgaard","year":"1992","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980070115","article-title":"Deterioration of quality of life following hip fracture: A prospective study","volume":"11","author":"Randell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01622200","article-title":"Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis: Synopsis of a WHO report","volume":"4","author":"Kanis","year":"1994","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08761-5","article-title":"Diagnosis of osteoporosis and assessment of fracture risk","volume":"359","author":"Kanis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2008.03.018","article-title":"Functions of RANKL\/RANK\/OPG in bone modeling and remodeling","volume":"473","author":"Boyce","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650080516","article-title":"Immunoassay of pyridinoline crosslink excretion in normal adults and in Paget\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Delmas","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"527","article-title":"Urinary Deoxypyridinoline is a useful biochemical bone marker for the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis","volume":"27","author":"Yu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Acad. Med. Singap."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tit, D.M., Bungaau, S., Cioara, F., and Suciu, N.R. (2015, January 26\u201329). Comparative study on the effects of hormone replacement therapy and phytoestrogens in the prevention of the postmenopausal osteoporosis. Proceedings of the World Congress on Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (WCO-IOF-ESCEO), Milan, Italy.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-015-3065-6"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e3181271873","article-title":"predicts femoral neck bone mineral density change in nonosteoporotic peri- and early postmenopausal women","volume":"15","author":"Prezelj","year":"2008","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/45.9.1510","article-title":"Total and free deoxypyridinoline after acute osteoclast activity inhibition","volume":"45","author":"Rubinacci","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980070002","article-title":"The use of biochemical markers of bone turnover in osteoporosis","volume":"11","author":"Delmas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Tit, D.M. (2014). Comparative Study on the Effects of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) and Phytoestrogens in the Prevention of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Oradea]."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980070064","article-title":"Long-term risk of osteoporotic fracture in Malmo","volume":"11","author":"Kanis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.301.6753.638","article-title":"Prediction of hip fracture in elderly women: A prospective study","volume":"301","author":"Porter","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Br. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2002.17.5.817","article-title":"Risk factors for fractures of the proximal humerus: Results from the EPIDOS prospective study","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1992.tb02282.x","article-title":"Effect of menopause and HRT on urinary excretion of pyridinium crosslinks: A longitudinal and cross-sectional study","volume":"37","author":"Hassager","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-146-12-200706190-00005","article-title":"Effects of the phytoestrogen genistein on bone metabolism in osteopenia postmenopausal women: A randomized trial","volume":"146","author":"Marini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2007.10.007","article-title":"Ultra low-dose hormone replacement therapy and bone protection in postmenopausal women","volume":"59","author":"Gambacciani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1128","article-title":"Somatic-vegetative symptoms evolution in postmenopausal women treated with phytoestrogens and hormone replacement therapy","volume":"46","author":"Tit","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pub. Health"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2002.17.10.1904","article-title":"Effects of genistein and hormone-replacement therapy on bone loss in early postmenopausal women: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study","volume":"17","author":"Morabito","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2959","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.24.2959","article-title":"Conjugated equine estrogens and global cognitive function in postmenopausal women: Women\u2019s Health Initiative Memory Study","volume":"291","author":"Espeland","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2013.05.018","article-title":"Oral estradiol and dydrogesterone combination therapy in postmenopausal women: Rewiew of efficacy and safety","volume":"76","author":"Stevenson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.2165\/00002512-200724050-00002","article-title":"Selective estrogen receptor modulators for postmenopausal osteoporosis","volume":"24","author":"Gennari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1088304","article-title":"Selective estrogen receptor modulators and phytoestrogens","volume":"74","author":"Oseni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Planta. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"173","article-title":"The spectrum of phytoestrogens in nature: Our knowledge is expanding","volume":"6","author":"Moutsatsou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hormones"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-014-0446-2","article-title":"Risk determination and prevention of breast cancer","volume":"16","author":"Howell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.3109\/10408444.2010.541900","article-title":"Risks and benefits of dietary isoflavones for cancer","volume":"41","author":"Andres","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-010-1270-8","article-title":"Soy isoflavones consumption and risk of breast cancer incidence or recurrence: A meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"125","author":"Dong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmq011","article-title":"Effects of isoflavones on breast density in pre- and post-menopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"16","author":"Hooper","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3358","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-08-0132","article-title":"Green tea, soy, and mammographic density in Singapore Chinese women","volume":"17","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/7\/10\/297\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:21:53Z","timestamp":1760196113000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/7\/10\/297"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,21]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm7100297"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm7100297","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,21]]}}}