{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T10:57:52Z","timestamp":1790333872132,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,31]],"date-time":"2018-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1540944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examines the pre- and post-clinical issues in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care and treatment for women and girls of high-risk population groups\u2014namely sex workers, injecting drug users, women living with HIV, primary sexual partners of people living with HIV, adolescent girls who are children of these groups, and migrant young girls and women\u2014in five provinces and cities in Vietnam. Through a sample of 241 surveyed participants and 48 respondents for in-depth interviews and 32 respondents in the focus group discussions, the study identifies multiple barriers that keep these groups from receiving the proper health care that is well within their human rights. Most respondents rated HIV testing as easily accessible, yet only 18.9% of the surveyed women living with HIV disclosed their infection status, while 37.8% gave no information at the most recent prenatal care visit. The level of knowledge and proper practices of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) care also remains limited. Meanwhile, modern birth control methods have yet to be widely adopted among these populations: only 30.7% of respondents reported using condoms when having sex with their husband. This increases the risks of unwanted pregnancy and abortion, as well as vulnerability to sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV transmission. On the other hand, HIV-related stigma and discrimination at health care settings are still pervasive, which create significant barriers for patients to access proper care services. Based on these results, six recommendations to improve SRH status of women and girls of populations at high risk are put forward.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7110402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,31]],"date-time":"2018-10-31T11:55:41Z","timestamp":1540986941000},"page":"402","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Dark Side of Female HIV Patient Care: Sexual and Reproductive Health Risks in Pre- and Post-Clinical Treatments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5337-9128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thu Hong","family":"Khuat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Social Development Studies (ISDS), Hanoi 100803, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1524-6711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thu Trang","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Social Development Studies (ISDS), Hanoi 100803, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Van Anh T.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Social Development Studies (ISDS), Hanoi 100803, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6881-4877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuan Thai","family":"Vu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Social Development Studies (ISDS), Hanoi 100803, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phuong Thao T.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Social Development Studies (ISDS), Hanoi 100803, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0771-0147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kien","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Social Development Studies (ISDS), Hanoi 100803, Vietnam"},{"name":"School of Law, Vietnam National University, Hanoi 100803, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4432-9081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manh Tung","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Interdisciplinary Social Research, Thanh Tay University, Yen Nghia, Ha Dong, Hanoi 100803, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong Kong","family":"T. Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vuong &amp; Associates Co., Hanoi 100803, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thu Trang","family":"Vuong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sciences Po, 75337 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4301-9292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viet Phuong","family":"La","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vuong &amp; Associates Co., Hanoi 100803, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0790-1576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quan Hoang","family":"Vuong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Interdisciplinary Social Research, Thanh Tay University, Yen Nghia, Ha Dong, Hanoi 100803, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61697-9","article-title":"Universal voluntary hiv testing with immediate antiretroviral therapy as a strategy for elimination of HIV transmission: A mathematical model","volume":"373","author":"Granich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"592","article-title":"Achievements in public health. 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