{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:35:43Z","timestamp":1792805743473,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST106-2321-B-006-013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST106-2321-B-006-013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Healthy and Welfare, Taiwan","award":["MOHW 106-TDU-B-211-124-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOHW 106-TDU-B-211-124-003"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/024w0ge69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Taiwan Ministry of Healthy and Welfare","award":["MOHW 106-TDU-B-211-113-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOHW 106-TDU-B-211-113-003"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/024w0ge69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Taiwan Ministry of Healthy and Welfare","award":["MOHW 107-TDU-B-212- 114026A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOHW 107-TDU-B-212- 114026A"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/024w0ge69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan","award":["NHRI-107A1-CACO-02181811"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NHRI-107A1-CACO-02181811"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02r6fpx29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Taiwan","award":["NCKUH-10406011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCKUH-10406011"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04zx3rq17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cancer cachexia (CC), characterized by body weight loss and sarcopenia, contributes to over 20% of all cancer-related death. Approximately 80% of pancreatic cancer (PC) patients develop CC during disease progression. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1, have been correlated with CC; however, its prognostic significance remains unclear. In this study, serum levels of the CC-related cytokines were determined in normal donors and PC patients. IL-8 expression was assessed in PC tissue microarrays. The correlation of levels of each cytokine with disease progression, weight loss, and sarcopenia was calculated. The relationships among the baseline variables, CC, and IL-8 expression with disease progression were examined using univariate and multivariate analyses. Of these mentioned cytokines, only serum IL-8 level was elevated in the locally advanced group (n = 55) compared with the normal (n = 17) and resected groups (n = 55). Serum IL-8 level was positively correlated with CC status, weight loss, sarcopenia, but was negatively correlated with total psoas area (TPA). IL-8 expression in tissue samples was also positively associated with weight loss. Furthermore, serum IL-8 level was an independent predictor of survival. In conclusion, elevated serum IL-8 level significantly correlates with CC and sarcopenia and can be used as a prognostic indicator in PC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7120502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]],"date-time":"2018-12-03T06:02:09Z","timestamp":1543816929000},"page":"502","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Elevated Serum Interleukin-8 Level Correlates with Cancer-Related Cachexia and Sarcopenia: An Indicator for Pancreatic Cancer Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Ya-Chin","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medical Research, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7625-2891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chih-Jung","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying-Jui","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao-Yun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao-Chen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medical Research, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-Ling","family":"Tung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung-Ting","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan-Shen","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medical Research, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(10)70218-7","article-title":"Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: An international consensus","volume":"12","author":"Fearon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2008.06.013","article-title":"Cachexia: A new definition","volume":"27","author":"Evans","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advms.2013.11.001","article-title":"Anorexia-cachexia syndrome in pancreatic cancer: Recent advances and new pharmacological approach","volume":"59","author":"Ronga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"9361","article-title":"Cachexia and pancreatic cancer: Are there treatment options?","volume":"20","author":"Mueller","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00088","article-title":"Pancreatic cancer cachexia: A review of mechanisms and therapeutics","volume":"5","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1477-2574.2010.00171.x","article-title":"Preoperative body composition is influenced by the stage of operable pancreatic adenocarcinoma but does not predict survival after Whipple\u2019s procedure","volume":"12","author":"Aslani","year":"2010","journal-title":"HPB"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2011.12.004","article-title":"Pancreatic cancer: Medical management (novel chemotherapeutics)","volume":"41","author":"Paez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1477-2574.2010.00178.x","article-title":"Cachexia in pancreatic cancer: New treatment options and measures of success","volume":"12","author":"Fearon","year":"2010","journal-title":"HPB"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i10.1123","article-title":"Interleukin-8, a promising predictor for prognosis of pancreatic cancer","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601434","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/601434","article-title":"Cancer cachexia: Mechanisms and clinical implications","volume":"2011","author":"Donohoe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-010-0007-1","article-title":"Skeletal muscle wasting in cachexia and sarcopenia: Molecular pathophysiology and impact of exercise training","volume":"1","author":"Lenk","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2011.07.010","article-title":"Is IL-6 the best pro-inflammatory biomarker of clinical outcomes of cancer cachexia?","volume":"31","author":"Watt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/ncponc0112","article-title":"Therapy insight: Cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome\u2014When all you can eat is yourself","volume":"2","author":"Laviano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1007\/s13193-011-0042-1","article-title":"Serum CA 19-9 as a biomarker for pancreatic cancer\u2014A comprehensive review","volume":"2","author":"Ballehaninna","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(08)70153-0","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical implications of sarcopenic obesity in patients with solid tumours of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts: A population-based study","volume":"9","author":"Prado","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2766","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.28774","article-title":"Coexpression of CD44-positive\/CD133-positive cancer stem cells and CD204-positive tumor-associated macrophages is a predictor of survival in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","volume":"120","author":"Hou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-1128(200101)21:1<83::AID-MED4>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Cancer cachexia: A therapeutic approach","volume":"21","author":"Argiles","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3829","article-title":"Cancer cachexia: Understanding the molecular basis","volume":"14","author":"Argiles","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2012.10.006","article-title":"Cancer cachexia: Malignant inflammation, tumorkines, and metabolic mayhem","volume":"24","author":"Tsoli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-013-0787-0","article-title":"Cancer cachexia\u2014Pathophysiology and management","volume":"48","author":"Suzuki","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves, M.J., Figueredo, R.G., Azevedo, F.F., Cavallaro, D.A., Neto, N.I., Lima, J.D., Matos-Neto, E., Radloff, K., Riccardi, D.M., and Camargo, R.G. (2017). Adipose tissue fibrosis in human cancer cachexia: The role of TGF\u03b2 pathway. BMC Cancer, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-017-3178-8"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11178","article-title":"Elevation of cytokine levels in cachectic patients with prostate carcinoma","volume":"97","author":"Pfitzenmaier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujiwara, Y., Kobayashi, T., Chayahara, N., Imamura, Y., Toyoda, M., Kiyota, N., Mukohara, T., Nishiumi, S., Azuma, T., and Yoshida, M. (2014). Metabolomics evaluation of serum markers for cachexia and their intra-day variation in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113259"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2011.286","article-title":"Serum cytokine profiles in patients with prostate carcinoma","volume":"2","author":"Tazaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, B., Zhang, D., Wang, S., Zheng, H., and Wang, X. (2009). Association of interleukin-8 with cachexia from patients with low-third gastric cancer. Comp. Funct. Genom., 212345.","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/212345"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-008-0574-6","article-title":"Muscle wasting and interleukin-6-induced atrogin-I expression in the cachectic Apc (Min\/+) mouse","volume":"457","author":"Baltgalvis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01026.2004","article-title":"IL-6-induced skeletal muscle atrophy","volume":"98","author":"Haddad","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00039.2012","article-title":"JAK\/STAT3 pathway inhibition blocks skeletal muscle wasting downstream of IL-6 and in experimental cancer cachexia","volume":"303","author":"Bonetto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.44.2020","article-title":"Possible role for tocilizumab, an anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody, in treating cancer cachexia","volume":"31","author":"Ando","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2013.01.009","article-title":"Favorable responses to tocilizumab in two patients with cancer-related cachexia","volume":"46","author":"Hirata","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pain Symptom Manag."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.2011.627850","article-title":"A humanized anti-IL-6 antibody (ALD518) in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"11","author":"Bayliss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200420174","article-title":"Cancer cachexia is regulated by selective targeting of skeletal muscle gene products","volume":"114","author":"Acharyya","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.045708","article-title":"Effect of tumor burden and subsequent surgical resection on skeletal muscle mass and protein turnover in colorectal cancer patients","volume":"96","author":"Williams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1089\/10799900260442557","article-title":"Elevated serum levels of interleukin-8 in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients: Relationship with prognosis","volume":"22","author":"Orditura","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.3109\/07357907.2012.732161","article-title":"Elevated serum IL-8 is associated with the presence of hepatocellular carcinoma and independently predicts survival","volume":"30","author":"Welling","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Investig."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2003.tb01511.x","article-title":"The role of circulating IL-8 and VEGF protein in the progression of gastric cancer","volume":"94","author":"Konno","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5697","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-13-3203","article-title":"Serum interleukin-8 reflects tumor burden and treatment response across malignancies of multiple tissue origins","volume":"20","author":"Sanmamed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bachmann, J., Ketterer, K., Marsch, C., Fechtner, K., Krakowski-Roosen, H., Buchler, M.W., Friess, H., and Martignoni, M.E. (2009). Pancreatic cancer related cachexia: Influence on metabolism and correlation to weight loss and pulmonary function. BMC Cancer, 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-9-255"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/7\/12\/502\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:33:51Z","timestamp":1760196831000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/7\/12\/502"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm7120502"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm7120502","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]]}}}