{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T11:24:02Z","timestamp":1791890642533,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":191,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,4]],"date-time":"2018-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the core components of cardiac rehabilitation (CR), nutritional counseling (NC), risk factor modification (RFM), psychosocial management (PM), patient education (PE), and exercise training (ET)) was undertaken. Published RCTs were identified from database inception dates to April 2017, and risk of bias assessed using Cochrane\u2019s tool. Endpoints included mortality (all-cause and cardiovascular (CV)) and morbidity (fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and hospitalization (all-cause and CV)). Meta-regression models decomposed treatment effects into the main effects of core components, and two-way or all-way interactions between them. Ultimately, 148 RCTs (50,965 participants) were included. Main effects models were best fitting for mortality (e.g., for all-cause, specifically PM (hazard ratio HR = 0.68, 95% credible interval CrI = 0.54\u20130.85) and ET (HR = 0.75, 95% CrI = 0.60\u20130.92) components effective), MI (e.g., for all-cause, specifically PM (hazard ratio HR = 0.76, 95% credible interval CrI = 0.57\u20130.99), ET (HR = 0.75, 95% CrI = 0.56\u20130.99) and PE (HR = 0.68, 95% CrI = 0.47\u20130.99) components effective) and hospitalization (e.g., all-cause, PM (HR = 0.76, 95% CrI = 0.58\u20130.96) effective). For revascularization (including CABG and PCI individually), the full interaction model was best-fitting. Given that each component, individual or in combination, was associated with mortality and\/or morbidity, recommendations for comprehensive CR are warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7120514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,4]],"date-time":"2018-12-04T03:01:37Z","timestamp":1543892497000},"page":"514","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":155,"title":["Comparative Effectiveness of the Core Components of Cardiac Rehabilitation on Mortality and Morbidity: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Nader N.","family":"Kabboul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment (THETA) Collaborative, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College St, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Tomlinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment (THETA) Collaborative, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University Health Network, 27 King\u2019s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (IHPME), University of Toronto, 4th Floor, 155 College St, Toronto, ON M5T 3M6, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King\u2019s College Cir, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7259-0922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Troy A.","family":"Francis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment (THETA) Collaborative, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College St, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7063-3610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sherry L.","family":"Grace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King\u2019s College Cir, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada"},{"name":"Cardiac Rehabilitation and Secondary Prevention Program, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 550 University Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada"},{"name":"School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, 4700 Keele St, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Chaves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Ant\u00f4nio Carlos, 6627-Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Rac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment (THETA) Collaborative, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College St, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Daou-Kabboul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Nutrition, Bridgeport University, 126 Park Ave, Bridgeport, CT 06604, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1830-4219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna M.","family":"Bielecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment (THETA) Collaborative, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College St, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Alter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University Health Network, 27 King\u2019s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (IHPME), University of Toronto, 4th Floor, 155 College St, Toronto, ON M5T 3M6, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King\u2019s College Cir, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada"},{"name":"Cardiac Rehabilitation and Secondary Prevention Program, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 550 University Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5836-397X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murray","family":"Krahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment (THETA) Collaborative, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College St, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University Health Network, 27 King\u2019s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (IHPME), University of Toronto, 4th Floor, 155 College St, Toronto, ON M5T 3M6, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King\u2019s College Cir, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2014, December 07). Global Health Observatory Data Repository. Available online: http:\/\/apps.who.int\/gho\/data\/?theme=main."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.04.052","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases for 10 Causes, 1990 to 2015","volume":"70","author":"Roth","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000151788.08740.5C","article-title":"Cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease: An American Heart Association scientific statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention) and the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (Subcommittee on Physical Activity), in collaboration with the American association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation","volume":"111","author":"Leon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2675","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.180945","article-title":"Core components of cardiac rehabilitation\/secondary prevention programs: 2007 update: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention Committee, the Council on Clinical Cardiology; the Councils on Cardiovascular Nursing, Epidemiology and Prevention, and Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism; and the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation","volume":"115","author":"Balady","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.10.044","article-title":"Exercise-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation for Coronary Heart Disease Cochrane Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"67","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487312449597","article-title":"Secondary prevention in the clinical management of patients with cardiovascular diseases. Core components, standards and outcome measures for referral and delivery: A policy statement from the cardiac rehabilitation section of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation. Endorsed by the Committee for Practice Guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology","volume":"21","author":"Piepoli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Cardiac Rehabilitation and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention (CACR) (2017, July 05). Canadian Guidelines for Cardiac Rehabilitation and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention 2015. Available online: https:\/\/cacpr.ca\/Guidelines."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2014.12.008","article-title":"Australian Cardiovascular Health and Rehabilitation Association (ACRA) core components of cardiovascular disease secondary prevention and cardiac rehabilitation 2014","volume":"24","author":"Woodruffe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circul."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2012-303460","article-title":"BACPR scientific statement: British standards and core components for cardiovascular disease prevention and rehabilitation","volume":"99","author":"Buckley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0b013e318203999d","article-title":"Core competencies for cardiac rehabilitation\/secondary prevention professionals: 2010 update: Position statement of the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation","volume":"31","author":"Hamm","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. Prev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.12.125","article-title":"Lessons from contemporary trials of cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"232","author":"Deckers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2017.07.002","article-title":"Impact of cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training programs in coronary heart disease","volume":"60","author":"Kachur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.03.035","article-title":"What are the components of complex interventions in healthcare? Theorizing approaches to parts, powers and the whole intervention","volume":"93","author":"Clark","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Higgins, J.P.T., Altman, D.G., and Sterne, J.A.C. (2017, June 14). Chapter 8: Assessing Risk of Bias in Included Studies. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). Available online: http:\/\/handbook-5-1.cochrane.org."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., and Altman, D.G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS. Med., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2385","article-title":"The PRISMA extension statement for reporting of systematic reviews incorporating network metaanalyses of health care interventions: Checklist and explanations","volume":"162","author":"Hutton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.9.1069","article-title":"Core components of cardiac rehabilitation\/secondary prevention programs: A statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association and the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation Writing Group","volume":"102","author":"Balady","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d5928","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5928","article-title":"The Cochrane Collaboration\u2019s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"343","author":"Higgins","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp014","article-title":"Mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis of complex interventions: Psychological interventions in coronary heart disease","volume":"169","author":"Welton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1049","article-title":"Accounting for correlation in network meta-analysis with multi-arm trials","volume":"3","author":"Franchini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Synth. Methods"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X12458724","article-title":"Evidence synthesis for decision making 2: A generalized linear modeling framework for pairwise and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"33","author":"Dias","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Decis. Mak."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X13485157","article-title":"Evidence synthesis for decision making 3: Heterogeneity\u2014Subgroups, meta-regression, bias, and bias-adjustment","volume":"33","author":"Dias","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Decis. Mak."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X12455847","article-title":"Evidence synthesis for decision making 4: Inconsistency in networks of evidence based on randomized controlled trials","volume":"33","author":"Dias","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Decis. Mak."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-008-9030-4","article-title":"Long-term effects of a multimodal behavioral intervention on myocardial perfusion-a randomized controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Albus","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2014.03.017","article-title":"A stepwise psychotherapy intervention to reduce risk in coronary artery disease (SPIRR-CAD)\u2014Results of a randomised, controlled multicentre trial","volume":"76","author":"Albus","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.4278\/0890-1171-21.6.510","article-title":"The effects of an intensive lifestyle modification program on carotid artery intima-media thickness: A randomized trial","volume":"21","author":"Aldana","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Heal. Promot."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(00)00848-1","article-title":"Management of coronary risk factors by registered nurses versus usual care in patients with unstable angina pectoris (a chest pain evaluation in the emergency room [CHEER] substudy)","volume":"86","author":"Allison","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810377125","article-title":"A five-year rehabilitation programme for younger women after a coronary event reduces the need for hospital care","volume":"38","author":"Andersson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2005.12.008","article-title":"Effects of a behavioural intervention on quality of life and related variables in angioplasty patients. Results of the EXhaustion Intervention Trial","volume":"61","author":"Appels","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3109\/13697137.2010.499181","article-title":"Group support to improve psychosocial well-being and primary-care demands among women with cardiac syndrome X","volume":"14","author":"Asbury","year":"2011","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1097\/01.psy.0000171810.37958.61","article-title":"The Effect of a Telephone Counseling Intervention on Self-Rated Health of Cardiac Patients","volume":"67","author":"Bambauer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2009.01.005","article-title":"Influence of a symptom management telehealth intervention on older adults\u2019 early recovery outcomes after coronary artery bypass surgery","volume":"38","author":"Barnason","year":"2009","journal-title":"Heart Lung J. Acute Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2010.1937","article-title":"The effects of a cardiac rehabilitation program tailored for women on global quality of life: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"19","author":"Beckie","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Womens Health"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"200","article-title":"The efficay of exercise training after coronary angioplasty: The ETICA trial","volume":"22","author":"Belardinelli","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. Heart. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(01)01236-0","article-title":"Exercise training intervention after coronary angioplasty: The ETICA trial","volume":"37","author":"Belardinelli","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977198315147153","article-title":"Rehabilitation after myocardial infarction. A controlled study","volume":"15","author":"Bengtsson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Scand. J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1159\/000012378","article-title":"Exploring the benefits of group psychotherapy in reducing alexithymia in coronary heart disease patients: A preliminary study","volume":"69","author":"Beresnevaite","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3106","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.23.3106","article-title":"Effects of treating depression and low perceived social support on clinical events after myocardial infarction the enhancing recovery in coronary heart disease patients (ENRICHD) randomized trial","volume":"289","author":"Berkman","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"147","article-title":"Benefits and weaknesses of a cardiac rehabilitation programme","volume":"26","author":"Bertie","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. R. Coll. Physicians. Lond."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S1362-3265(99)80042-X","article-title":"Cardiac rehabilitation in the community: 11-year follow-up after a randomized controlled trial","volume":"3","author":"Bethell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Coronary Health Care"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3182(98)71360-X","article-title":"Effect of intervention for psychological distress on rehospitalization rates in cardiac rehabilitation patients","volume":"39","author":"Black","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0b013e3182343aa7","article-title":"Evaluation of a telemedicine service for the secondary prevention of coronary artery disease","volume":"32","author":"Blasco","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. Prev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1997.00440400063008","article-title":"Stress management and exercise training in cardiac patients with myocardial ischemia effects on prognosis and evaluation of mechanisms","volume":"157","author":"Blumenthal","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018926","article-title":"Enhancing cardiac rehabilitation with stress management training: A randomized clinical efficacy trial","volume":"133","author":"Blumenthal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2008.12.001","article-title":"Further development of an illness perception intervention for myocardial infarction patients: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"67","author":"Broadbent","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(87)90154-7","article-title":"A randomized control trial of cardiac rehabilitation","volume":"24","author":"Burgess","year":"1987","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601539","article-title":"Lack of benefit of dietary advice to men with angina: Results of a controlled trial","volume":"57","author":"Burr","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"39","article-title":"Behaviour modification after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: Effects on cardiac morbidity and mortality","volume":"8","author":"Burell","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1177\/1479164115590552","article-title":"Effects of exercise training on HbA 1c and VO 2peak in patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease: A randomised clinical trial","volume":"12","author":"Byrkjeland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Vasc. Dis. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"147","article-title":"Exercise after myocardial infarction: A controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Phillips","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. R. Coll. Physicians Lond."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.10945","article-title":"Effect of lifestyle-focused text messaging on risk factor modification in patients with coronary heart disease","volume":"314","author":"Chow","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2006.01691.x","article-title":"Cognitive-behavioural stress management does not improve biological cardiovascular risk indicators in women with ischaemic heart disease: A randomized-controlled trial","volume":"260","author":"Claesson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S117","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/55.2.S117","article-title":"Changes in functional health status of older women with heart disease: Evaluation of a program based on self-regulation","volume":"55","author":"Clark","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.11342","article-title":"An Education Program for Risk Factor Management After an Acute Coronary Syndrome","volume":"174","author":"Cohen","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1590\/S1807-59322008000400013","article-title":"Transdiciplinary approach to the follow-up of patients after myocardial infarction","volume":"63","author":"Pellanda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.319.7211.687","article-title":"Five year follow up of patients at high cardiovascular risk who took part in randomised controlled trial of health promotion","volume":"319","author":"Cupples","year":"1999","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2006.11.018","article-title":"Home-based versus hospital-based rehabilitation after myocardial infarction: A randomized trial with preference arms\u2014Cornwall Heart Attack Rehabilitation Management Study (CHARMS)","volume":"119","author":"Dalal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.75.4.657","article-title":"Hospitalization cost offset of a hostility intervention for coronary heart disease patients","volume":"75","author":"Davidson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2010.29","article-title":"Enhanced depression care for patients with acute coronary syndrome and persistent depressive symptoms coronary psychosocial evaluation studies randomized controlled trial","volume":"170","author":"Davidson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.6.779","article-title":"Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction: Final report of the Lyon diet heart study","volume":"99","author":"Salen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-120-9-199405010-00001","article-title":"A Case-Management System for Coronary Risk Factor Modification after Acute Myocardial Infarction","volume":"120","author":"DeBusk","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2014.05.012","article-title":"Twelve-month cost-effectiveness of telephone-delivered collaborative care for treating depression following cabg surgery: A randomized controlled","volume":"36","author":"Donohue","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487315607041","article-title":"Impacts of intensive follow-up on the long-term prognosis of percutaneous coronary intervention in acute coronary syndrome patients\u2014A single center prospective randomized controlled study in a Chinese population","volume":"23","author":"Du","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.81.4.359","article-title":"Changes in cardiorespiratory fitness, psychological wellbeing, quality of life, and vocational status following a 12 month cardiac exercise rehabilitation programme","volume":"81","author":"Dugmore","year":"1999","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/S0828-282X(07)70875-9","article-title":"Effects of an enhanced secondary prevention program for patients with heart disease: A prospective randomized trial","volume":"23","author":"Edworthy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060313","article-title":"Exercise habits and physical performance during comprehensive rehabilitation after coronary artery bypass surgery","volume":"13","author":"Engblom","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"696","article-title":"Psychologic evaluation of a cardiac rehabilitation program: A randomized clinical trial in patients with myocardial infarction","volume":"3","author":"Erdman","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Cardiac. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.372","article-title":"Collaborative care intervention for stable ischemic heart disease","volume":"171","author":"Fihn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-198509000-00003","article-title":"The Ischemic heart disease life stress monitoring program: 18-month mortality results","volume":"47","author":"Prince","year":"1985","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)02142-9","article-title":"Randomised trial of home-based psychosocial nursing intervention for patients recovering from myocardial infarction","volume":"350","author":"Prince","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.1992.tb00084.x","article-title":"A supportive\u2013educative caring rehabilitation programme; improvements of physical health after myocardial infarction","volume":"1","author":"Fridlund","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(84)90606-9","article-title":"of type A behavior and reduction in cardiac recurrences in postmyocardial infarction patients","volume":"108","author":"Friedman","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1984.03350100021023","article-title":"A randomized trial of exercise training in patients with coronary heart disease","volume":"252","author":"Froelicher","year":"1984","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2009.11.012","article-title":"randomised controlled trial of a pedometer-based telephone intervention to increase physical activity among cardiac patients not attending cardiac rehabilitation","volume":"80","author":"Furber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Patient Educ. Couns."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2011.05920.x","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of a lay-facilitated angina management programme","volume":"68","author":"Furze","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2012.07.779","article-title":"The effects of cardiovascular rehabilitation after coronary stenting","volume":"55","author":"Ghroubi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1097\/HJR.0b013e3282f00990","article-title":"Left ventricular remodelling in patients with moderate systolic dysfunction after myocardial infarction: Favourable effects of exercise training and predictive role of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide","volume":"15","author":"Giallauria","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(93)90764-R","article-title":"Long-term physical training and left ventricular remodelling after anterior myocardial infraction: Results of the exercise in anterior myocardial infraction (EAMI) trial","volume":"22","author":"Giannuzzi","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.6.1790","article-title":"Attenuation of unfavorable remodeling by exercise training in post infarction patients with left ventricular dysfunction: Results of the exercise in left ventricular dysfunction (ELVD) trial","volume":"96","author":"Giannuzzi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.1988.tb01459.x","article-title":"Improving recovery following cardiac surgery: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"13","author":"Gortner","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2010.510","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy vs standard treatment to prevent recurrent cardiovascular events in patients with coronary heart disease. secondary prevention in Uppsala primary health care project (SUPRIM)","volume":"171","author":"Gulliksson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Inter. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"109","article-title":"Results of physical conditioning in patients with acute myocardial infarction over 65 years of age","volume":"62","author":"Gutschker","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1097\/00008483-199107000-00003","article-title":"Community approach in rehabilitation and secondary prevention after acute myocardial infarction: Results of a randomized clinical trial","volume":"11","author":"Kallio","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(93)90051-2","article-title":"Various intensities of leisure time physical activity in patients with coronary artery disease: Effects on cardiorespiratory fitness and progression of coronary atherosclerotic lesions","volume":"22","author":"Hambrecht","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1097\/HJR.0b013e32801da123","article-title":"Improving outcomes after myocardial infarction: A randomized controlled trial evaluating effects of a telephone follow-up intervention","volume":"14","author":"Hanssen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Harald, T., Reimer, O., Tijssen, J.G.P., and Peters, R.J.G. (2015). Non-Cardiac Readmissions Are Reduced in Patients Attending a Nurse-Coordinated Prevention Program: Results from the RESPONSE Randomised Clinical Trial, EuroPrevent Congress of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.89.3.975","article-title":"Effects of intensive multiple risk factor reduction on coronary atherosclerosis and clinical cardiac events in men and women with coronary artery disease. The Stanford Coronary Risk Intervention Project (SCRIP)","volume":"89","author":"Haskell","year":"1994","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-012-9250-5","article-title":"Effect of a telephone-delivered coronary heart disease secondary prevention program (ProActive Heart) on quality of life and health behaviours: Primary outcomes of a randomised controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Hawkes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(93)91058-P","article-title":"Secondary prevention after acute myocardial infarction","volume":"72","author":"Heller","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0738-3991(00)00164-6","article-title":"Rehabilitation outcomes following percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI)","volume":"43","author":"Higgins","year":"2001","journal-title":"Patient Educ. Couns."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1053\/euhj.1999.1544","article-title":"Two-year results of a controlled study of residential rehabilitation for patients treated with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. A randomized study of a multifactorial programme","volume":"20","author":"Lisspers","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2007.01.037","article-title":"Reproducibility and safety of the incremental shuttle walking test for cardiac rehabilitation","volume":"125","author":"Jolly","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.313.7071.1517","article-title":"Psychological rehabilitation after myocardial infarction: Multicentre randomised controlled trial","volume":"313","author":"Jones","year":"1996","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(79)92502-9","article-title":"Reduction in sudden deaths by a multifactorial intervention programme after acute myocardial infarction","volume":"314","author":"Kallio","year":"1979","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-007-9096-5","article-title":"Effects of expanded cardiac rehabilitation on psychosocial status in coronary artery disease with focus on typed characteristics","volume":"30","author":"Karlsson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2007.01887.x","article-title":"Effects of a stress management program on vital exhaustion and depression in women with coronary heart disease: A randomized controlled intervention study","volume":"263","author":"Koertge","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2014.03.1320","article-title":"Potential impact of depression on health outcomes in a randomised control trial of multidisciplinary, nurse-led, home based intervention (HBI) to reduce secondary cardiac events","volume":"9","author":"Kure","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Heart"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000027565.12764.E1","article-title":"Exercise-induced increase in baroreflex sensitivity predicts improved prognosis after myocardial infarction","volume":"106","author":"Bersano","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487316639681","article-title":"The telephone lifestyle intervention \u2018Hartcoach\u2019 has modest impact on coronary risk factors: A randomised multicentre trial","volume":"23","author":"Leemrijse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.08.050","article-title":"Effects of lifestyle modification on coronary artery calcium progression and prognostic factors in coronary patients 3-Year results of the randomized SAFE-LIFE trial","volume":"219","author":"Lehmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a059948","article-title":"Comparison of a rehabilitation programme, a counselling programme and usual care after an acute myocardial infarction: Results of a long-term randomized trial","volume":"12","author":"Leizorovicz","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)90547-G","article-title":"Effects of self-help post-myocardial-irfaction rehabilitation on psychological adjustment and use of health services","volume":"339","author":"Lewin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"194","article-title":"A randomised controlled trial of a self-management plan for patients with newly diagnosed angina","volume":"52","author":"Lewin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Gen. Pract."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6712.1996.tb00314.x","article-title":"Long-term Effects of a Comprehensive Rehabilitation Programme after Myocardial Infarction","volume":"10","author":"Lidell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Scand. J. Caring Sci."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2006.11.010","article-title":"Effects of a home-based intervention program on anxiety and depression 6 months after coronary artery bypass grafting: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"62","author":"Lie","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-016-0429-3","article-title":"Can a multifaceted intervention including motivational interviewing improve medication adherence, quality of life, and mortality rates in older patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery? A multicenter, randomized controlled trial with 18-month follow-up","volume":"34","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"687","article-title":"Retardation of coronary atherosclerosis with yoga lifestyle intervention","volume":"48","author":"Manchanda","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Physicians India"},{"key":"ref_108","unstructured":"Marcus, S., Orha, I., Cioranu, R., and Apetrei, E. (1999). Long-Term (25 Years) Efficacy of Comprehensive Post Myocardial Infarction Rehabilitation Program, XXI Congress of the European Society of Cardiology."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"1181","article-title":"Cardiac rehabilitation in patients with myocardial infarction: A 10-year follow-up study","volume":"58","author":"Abraira","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a061917","article-title":"Long-term follow-up after a controlled randomized post-myocardial infarction rehabilitation programme: Effects on morbidity and mortality","volume":"6","author":"Marra","year":"1985","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(01)00300-2","article-title":"Guideline-based early rehabilitation after myocardial infarction","volume":"52","author":"Mayou","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meisinger, C., Stollenwerk, B., Kirchberger, I., Seidl, H., Wende, R., Kuch, B., and Holle, R. (2013). Effects of a nurse-based case management compared to usual care among aged patients with myocardial infarction: Results from the randomized controlled KORINNA study. BMC Geriatr., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-13-115"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1159\/000087781","article-title":"Psychological and quality-of-life outcomes from a comprehensive stress reduction and lifestyle program in patients with coronary artery disease: Results of a randomized trial","volume":"74","author":"Michalsen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.70.4.645","article-title":"Home versus group exercise training for increasing functional capacity after myocardial infarction","volume":"70","author":"Miller","year":"1984","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1097\/MRR.0b013e328010ba9a","article-title":"Outcomes of cardiac rehabilitation with versus without a follow-up intervention rendered by telephone (Luebeck follow-up trial): Overall and gender-specific effects","volume":"29","author":"Mittag","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Rehabil. Res."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.06-1587","article-title":"Intensive smoking cessation intervention reduces mortality in high-risk smokers with cardiovascular disease","volume":"131","author":"Mohiuddin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moholdt, T., Bekken, V.M., Grimsmo, J., Sl\u00f8rdahl, S.A., and Wisl\u00f8ff, U. (2012). Home-Based aerobic interval training improves peak oxygen uptake rqual to residential cardiac rehabilitation: S randomized, controlled trial. PLoS. One, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041199"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-011-0654-z","article-title":"Effects of a structured physical activity intervention on measures of physical performance in frail elderly patients after cardiac rehabilitation: A pilot study with 1-year follow-up","volume":"8","author":"Pasquini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-8-137","article-title":"The effect of post-discharge educational intervention on patients in achieving objectives in modifiable risk factors six months after discharge following an episode of acute coronary syndrome, (CAM-2 Project): A randomized controlled trial","volume":"8","year":"2010","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2009.08.021","article-title":"High-intensity interval training may reduce in-stent restenosis following percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation","volume":"158","author":"Munk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b4220","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b4220","article-title":"Effect of tailored practice and patient care plans on secondary prevention of heart disease in general practice: Cluster randomised controlled trial","volume":"339","author":"Murphy","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"286","article-title":"A controlled trial of home-based cardiac rehabilitation versus usual hospital care in cardiac patients","volume":"24","author":"Mutwalli","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Saudi Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8703(00)90234-5","article-title":"Exercise training and myocardial remodeling in patients with reduced ventricular function: One-year follow-up with magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"139","author":"Myers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(99)00765-1","article-title":"Maximal exercise systolic pressure, exercise training, and mortality in myocardial infarction patients","volume":"85","author":"Naughton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1097\/HJR.0b013e32833cca66","article-title":"Four-year follow-up of the choice of health options in prevention of cardiovascular events randomized controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Neubeck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiovasc Prev. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-001820","article-title":"Home-based cardiac rehabilitation is an attractive alternative to no cardiac rehabilitation for elderly patients with coronary heart disease: Results from a randomised clinical trial","volume":"2","author":"Oerkild","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.53.6.852","article-title":"Controlled trial of psychological intervention in myocardial infarction","volume":"53","author":"Oldenburg","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Consul. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(91)90870-Q","article-title":"Effects on quality of life with comprehensive rehabilitation after acute myocardial infarction","volume":"67","author":"Oldridge","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3373","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2011.03798.x","article-title":"The effects of interpersonal counselling on health-related quality of life after myocardial infarction","volume":"20","author":"Oranta","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)91656-U","article-title":"Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary heart disease?","volume":"336","author":"Ornish","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.108.812859","article-title":"Stress reduction prolongs life in women with coronary disease: The stockholm women\u2019s intervention trial for coronary heart disease (SWITCHD)","volume":"2","author":"Schneiderman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Qual. Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjr.0000107024.38316.6a","article-title":"Influence on lifestyle measures and five-year coronary risk by a comprehensive lifestyle intervention programme in patients with coronary heart disease","volume":"10","author":"Otterstad","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/ijn.12067","article-title":"Effects of a psychoeducational intervention for secondary prevention in Korean patients with coronary artery disease: A pilot study","volume":"19","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Pract."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.43.3.262","article-title":"Effects of physical training on myocardial ischaemia in patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"43","author":"Raffo","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.2190\/T9C0-E5L6-0BJ1-5QF1","article-title":"Brief group therapy following myocardial infarction: Eighteen-month follow-up of a controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"Rahe","year":"1975","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychiatry Med."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1080\/10615806.2015.1004323","article-title":"Brief strategic therapy in first myocardial infarction patients with increased levels of stress: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"28","author":"Rakowska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anxiety Stress Coping"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2008.150870","article-title":"Choice of secondary prevention improves risk factors after acute coronary syndrome: 1-year follow-up of the CHOICE (Choice of Health Options In prevention of Cardiovascular Events) randomised controlled trial","volume":"95","author":"Redfern","year":"2009","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1670","article-title":"Telephone-delivered collaborative care for treating post-cabg depression a randomized controlled trial","volume":"302","author":"Rollman","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1159\/000173598","article-title":"Cardiac rehabilitation after acute myocardial infarction: 9-year controlled follow-up study","volume":"70","author":"Roman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.094","article-title":"One-year results of the randomized, controlled, short-term psychotherapy in acute myocardial infarction (STEP-IN-AMI) trial","volume":"170","author":"Roncella","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1177\/1474515113505396","article-title":"Lifestyle interventions reduce cardiovascular risk in patients with coronary artery disease: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"13","author":"Saffi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1323","article-title":"Effects of a health advocacy, counselling, and activation programme on depressive symptoms in older coronary heart disease patients","volume":"20","author":"Salminen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1177\/1474515116648801","article-title":"The efficacy of a supervised exercise training programme on readmission rates in patients with myocardial ischemia: Results from a randomised controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Santaularia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.112.967406","article-title":"Stress reduction in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: Randomized, controlled trial of transcendental meditation and health education in blacks","volume":"5","author":"Schneider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Qual. Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.86.1.1","article-title":"Regular physical exercise and low-fat diet. Effects on progression of coronary artery disease","volume":"86","author":"Schuler","year":"1992","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2004.02.021","article-title":"Psychological effects of a short behavior modification program in patients with acute myocardial infarction or coronary artery bypass grafting. A randomized controlled trial","volume":"58","author":"Sebregts","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(81)90570-1","article-title":"Effects of a prescribed supervised exercise program on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity in patients after a myocardial infarction the national exercise and heart disease project","volume":"48","author":"Shaw","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.304.6833.1015","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial of cardioprotective diet in patients with recent acute myocardial infarction: Results of one year follow up","volume":"304","author":"Singh","year":"1992","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11472-3","article-title":"Effect of an Indo-Mediterranean diet on progression of coronary artery disease in high risk patients (Indo-Mediterranean Diet Heart Study): A randomised single-blind trial","volume":"360","author":"Singh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.65.7.1420","article-title":"Treadmill test responses to an early exercise program after myocardial infarction: A randomized study","volume":"65","author":"Sivarajan","year":"1982","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.94.5.978","article-title":"Interaction between exercise training and ejection fraction in predicting prognosis after a first myocardial infarction","volume":"94","author":"Specchia","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1053\/euhj.1999.1581","article-title":"Improved physical fitness and quality of life following training of elderly patients after acute coronary events\u2014A 1-year follow-up randomized controlled study","volume":"20","author":"Stahle","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1983.00350090097016","article-title":"The group counseling v exercise therapy study a controlled intervention with subjects following myocardial infarction","volume":"143","author":"Stern","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2006.02.006","article-title":"Multifactorial intervention to prevent recurrent cardiovascular events in patients 75 years or older: The drugs and evidence-based medicine in the elderly (DEBATE) study: A randomized, controlled trial","volume":"152","author":"Strandberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(91)90315-C","article-title":"Effects of daily high-intensity exercise on myocardial perfusion in angina pectoris","volume":"68","author":"Todd","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02895162","article-title":"Physiologic and related behavioral outcomes from the women\u2019s lifestyle heart trial","volume":"22","author":"Toobert","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a014749","article-title":"The effects of stress management on the quality of life of patients following acute myocardial infarction or coronary bypass surgery","volume":"17","author":"Steptoe","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867412460592","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial of group cognitive behaviour therapy versus brief intervention for depression in cardiac patients","volume":"47","author":"Turner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000349","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2015-000349","article-title":"Cardiac rehabilitation using the Family-Centered Empowerment Model versus home-based cardiac rehabilitation in patients with myocardial infarction: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"3","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Heart"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2775","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.22.2775","article-title":"Coaching patients On Achieving Cardiovascular Health (COACH): A multicenter randomized trial in patients with coronary heart disease","volume":"163","author":"Vale","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a062194","article-title":"Cardiac events after myocardial infarction: Possible effect of relaxation therapy","volume":"8","author":"Duivenvoordenf","year":"1987","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(83)90243-0","article-title":"Effects of cardiac rehabilitation after myocardial infarction: Changes in coronary risk factors and long-term prognosis","volume":"105","author":"Vermeulen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_163","first-page":"474","article-title":"Efficacy of two long-term intervention strategies to promote long-term adherence to lifestyle changes and to reduce cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"30","author":"Vona","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_164","first-page":"A13764","article-title":"Impact of endothelial dysfunction improvement after exercise training on prognosis in patients with recent myocardial infarction","volume":"122","author":"Vona","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2011-300302","article-title":"Rehabilitation after myocardial infarction trial (RAMIT): Multi-centre randomised controlled trial of comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation in patients following acute myocardial infarction","volume":"98","author":"West","year":"2012","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MLR.0000065128.72148.D7","article-title":"Can a disease self-management program reduce health care costs? The case of older women with heart disease","volume":"41","author":"Wheeler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-7435(75)90035-3","article-title":"A controlled trial of physical training after myocardial infarction effects on risk factors, nonfatal reinfarction, and death","volume":"4","author":"Wilhelmsen","year":"1975","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00480-5","article-title":"Community health worker-based intervention for adherence to drugs and lifestyle change after acute coronary syndrome: A multicentre, open, randomised controlled trial","volume":"4","author":"Xavier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.05.010","article-title":"A short course of cardiac rehabilitation program is highly cost effective in improving long-term quality of life in patients with recent myocardial infarction or percutaneous coronary intervention","volume":"85","author":"Yu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-5922.2009.00109.x","article-title":"Evaluating the angina plan in patients admitted to hospital with angina: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"29","author":"Zetta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Ther."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2014.03.013","article-title":"The effects of a transtheoretical model-based exercise stage-matched intervention on exercise behavior in patients with coronary heart disease: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"95","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Patient Educ. Couns."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-017-0086-z","article-title":"The contribution of individual exercise training components to clinical outcomes in randomised controlled trials of cardiac rehabilitation: A systematic review and meta-regression","volume":"3","author":"Abell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Med. Open"},{"key":"ref_173","first-page":"CD007130","article-title":"Home-based versus centre-based cardiac rehabilitation","volume":"6","author":"Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.07.051","article-title":"The influence of training characteristics on the effect of exercise training in patients with coronary artery disease: Systematic review and meta-regression analysis","volume":"245","author":"Kraal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487316671181","article-title":"The prognostic effect of cardiac rehabilitation in the era of acute revascularisation and statin therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and non-randomized studies\u2014The Cardiac Rehabilitation Outcome Study (CROS)","volume":"23","author":"Rauch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e019656","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-019656","article-title":"Is exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation effective? A systematic review and meta-analysis to re-examine the evidence","volume":"8","author":"Powell","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-143-9-200511010-00010","article-title":"Meta-analysis: Secondary prevention programs for patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"143","author":"Clark","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.80.2.234","article-title":"An overview of randomized trials of rehabilitation with exercise after myocardial infarction","volume":"80","author":"Buring","year":"1989","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1988.03410070073031","article-title":"Cardiac rehabilitation after myocardial infarction. Combined experience of randomized clinical trials","volume":"260","author":"Oldridge","year":"1988","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jolliffe, J.A., Rees, K., Taylor, R.S., Thompson, D., Oldridge, N., and Ebrahim, S. (2001). Exercise-based rehabilitation for coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD001800.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001800"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heran, B.S., Chen, J.M., Ebrahim, S., Moxham, T., Oldridge, N., Rees, K., Thompson, D.R., and Taylor, R.S. (2011). Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD001800.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001800.pub2"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.2217\/fca.12.34","article-title":"Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation in patients with coronary heart disease: Meta-analysis outcomes revisited","volume":"8","author":"Oldridge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Future Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-012-9282-x","article-title":"Psychological interventions for coronary heart disease: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Whalley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_184","first-page":"CD008895","article-title":"Patient education in the management of coronary heart disease","volume":"6","author":"Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaves, G.S.S., Ghisi, G.L.M., Grace, S.L., Oh, P., Ribeiro, A.L., and Britto, R.R. (2018). Effects of comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation on functional capacity in a middle-income country: A randomised controlled trial. Heart, 1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2018-313632"},{"key":"ref_186","first-page":"s57","article-title":"Cardiac rehabilitation delivery in low- and middle-income countries: Availability, characteristics and barriers. World NCDs Congress. Chandigarh, India. November","volume":"2","author":"Pesah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Non-Commun. Dis."},{"key":"ref_187","unstructured":"Supervia, M., Turk-Adawi, K., Lopez Jimenez, F., Pesah, E., Rongjing, D., Britto, R., Bjarnason-Wehrens, B., Derman, W., Abreu, A., and Babu, A. (2018). Nature of cardiac rehabilitation services around the globe. eClinicalMedicine, under review."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2014.98","article-title":"Global availability of cardiac rehabilitation","volume":"11","author":"Sarrafzadegan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turk-Adawi, K.I., Terzic, C., Bjarnason-Wehrens, B., and Grace, S.L. (2015). Cardiac rehabilitation in Canada and Arab countries: Comparing availability and program characteristics. BMC Health Serv. Res., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-015-1183-7"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schulz, K.F., Altman, D.G., and Moher, D. (2010). CONSORT 2010 statement: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMC Med., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-8-18"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g1687","article-title":"Better reporting of interventions: Template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide","volume":"348","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/7\/12\/514\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T08:42:49Z","timestamp":1775292169000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/7\/12\/514"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,4]]},"references-count":191,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm7120514"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm7120514","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,4]]}}}