{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T23:29:25Z","timestamp":1791502165862,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]],"date-time":"2019-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nasal deformity is associated with congenital cleft lip and palate. Primary rhinoplasty for reconstruction of the nasal deformity at the time of bilateral cleft lip repair is a controversial issue in cleft care due to traditional teaching concerning the potential impairment of nasal growth. This study assessed long-term nasal growth in patients with bilateral cleft lip and palate who underwent primary rhinoplasty by a single surgeon between 1995 and 2002 and reached skeletal maturity (n = 39; mean: 19 \u00b1 2 years). Normal age-, gender-, and ethnicity-matched subjects (n = 52) were enrolled for comparative analyses. Three-dimensional nasal photogrammetric measurements (10 linear, 4 angular, 6 proportional, 1 surface area, and 1 volume parameter) were collected from patients with bilateral cleft lip and palate and normal subjects. Patients who underwent rhinoplasty presented with significantly (all p &lt; 0.05) smaller nasal tip projection and nasal tip angles, but greater values for nasal dorsum length, nasal protrusion, alar width, columellar height, dome height, columellar angle, labiocolumellar angle, nasal tip height ratio, nasal index, alar width\/intercanthal distance ratio, and alar width\/mouth width ratio compared to normal subjects. There were no differences (all p &gt; 0.05) in nasal height, tip\/midline deviation, nasal dorsum angle, dome-to-columella ratio, columella height\/alar width ratio, area surface, and volume parameters between the two groups. This study shows that primary rhinoplasty performed in patients with bilateral cleft lip and palate during infancy does not result in deficiency of the nasal dimensions relative to controls.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8050602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]],"date-time":"2019-05-02T03:15:22Z","timestamp":1556766922000},"page":"602","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Long-Term Nasal Growth after Primary Rhinoplasty for Bilateral Cleft Lip Nose Deformity: A Three-Dimensional Photogrammetric Study with Comparative Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Hyung Joon","family":"Seo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0525-3480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Denadai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lun-Jou","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1097\/00001665-200309000-00003","article-title":"Repair of bilateral cleft lip: Review, revisions, and reflections","volume":"14","author":"Mulliken","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000003474","article-title":"Evidence-Based Medicine: The bilateral cleft lip repair","volume":"140","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2014.01.003","article-title":"Modern tenets for repair of bilateral cleft lip","volume":"41","author":"Allori","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-197801000-00015","article-title":"Lengthening of the short columella associated with bilateral cleft lip","volume":"1","author":"Cronin","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-197104000-00004","article-title":"Closure of bilateral cleft lip and elongation of columella by two operations in infancy","volume":"47","author":"Millard","year":"1971","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-197802000-00008","article-title":"Results of surgical lengthening of the short nose in the bilateral cleft lip patient","volume":"61","author":"Edgerton","year":"1978","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198401000-00011","article-title":"Reconstruction of vermilion in unilateral and bilateral cleft lips","volume":"73","author":"Noordhoff","year":"1984","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199011000-00008","article-title":"Primary repair of the bilateral cleft lip nose: A 15-year review and a new treatment plan","volume":"86","author":"McComb","year":"1990","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1226(93)90171-7","article-title":"A preliminary report on one stage open tip rhinoplasty at the time of lip repair in bilateral cleft lip and palate: The alor setar experience","volume":"46","author":"Trott","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br. J. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199407000-00002","article-title":"Primary repair of the bilateral cleft lip nose: A 4-year review","volume":"94","author":"McComb","year":"1994","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199507000-00002","article-title":"Bilateral complete cleft lip and nasal deformity: An anthropometric analysis of staged to synchronous repair","volume":"96","author":"Mulliken","year":"1995","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200107000-00028","article-title":"Primary repair of bilateral cleft lip and nasal deformity","volume":"108","author":"Mulliken","year":"2001","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199803000-00009","article-title":"Presurgical columellar elongation and primary retrograde nasal reconstruction in one-stage bilateral cleft lip and nose repair","volume":"101","author":"Cutting","year":"1998","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1226(03)00114-0","article-title":"Long-term outcome of simultaneous repair of bilateral cleft lip and nose (a 15 year experience)","volume":"56","author":"Nakajima","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e318184590c","article-title":"Nasoalveolar molding improves appearance of children with bilateral cleft lip-cleft palate","volume":"122","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e3181b6c82d","article-title":"Primary bilateral one-stage cleft lip\/nose repair: 40-year Dallas experience: Part I","volume":"20","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Aufricht, G. (1955). Paper Presented at: 1955 Annual Meeting of the American Society of Maxillo-Facial Surgeons, American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-197008000-00005","article-title":"Observations on growth of the columella and prolabium in the bilateral cleft lip","volume":"46","year":"1970","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1097\/00001665-199607000-00008","article-title":"Nasal growth in complete bilateral cleft lip and palate","volume":"7","author":"Ishii","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e31824ecbd3","article-title":"Current surgical management of bilateral cleft lip in North America","volume":"129","author":"Tan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000181518.97734.bf","article-title":"Mulliken method of bilateral cleft lip repair: Anthropometric evaluation","volume":"116","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181b98b5d","article-title":"Primary repair of the bilateral cleft lip nose: A long-term follow-up","volume":"124","author":"McComb","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e3181af15c5","article-title":"Long-term results in the bilateral cleft lip repair by Mulliken\u2019s method","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e31820a64d7","article-title":"A 12-year anthropometric evaluation of the nose in bilateral cleft lip-cleft palate patients following nasoalveolar molding and cutting bilateral cleft lip and nose reconstruction","volume":"127","author":"Garfinkle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.5999\/aps.2017.44.5.400","article-title":"Effect of preoperative nasal retainer on nasal growth in patients with bilateral incomplete cleft lip: A 3-year follow-up study","volume":"44","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000003279","article-title":"Longitudinal photogrammetric analysis of the columellar-labial angle following primary repair of bilateral cleft lip and nasal deformity","volume":"139","author":"Rottgers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000003535","article-title":"Direct anthropometry of repaired bilateral complete cleft lip: A long-term assessment","volume":"140","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000002760","article-title":"Postoperative edema resolution following rhinoplasty: A three-dimensional morphometric assessment","volume":"138","author":"Pavri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2013.11.008","article-title":"Three-dimensional quantitative evaluation of facial morphology in adults with unilateral cleft lip and palate, and patients without clefts","volume":"52","author":"Othman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2014.03.023","article-title":"Assessment of three-dimensional nasolabial response to Le Fort I advancement","volume":"67","author":"Metzler","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1341588","article-title":"Three-dimensional evaluation of unilateral cleft rhinoplasty results","volume":"29","author":"Dixon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Facial Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2017.10.018","article-title":"Novel computer vision analysis of nasal shape in children with unilateral cleft lip","volume":"46","author":"Mercan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cranio-Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2010.03.022","article-title":"3D Stereophotogrammetric assessment of pre- and postoperative volumetric changes in the cleft lip and palate nose","volume":"39","author":"Maal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-5406(89)90255-2","article-title":"Stereophotogrammetric study of growth and development of the nose","volume":"96","author":"Burke","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569_1997_034_0309_tdsoga_2.3.co_2","article-title":"Three-dimensional study of growth and development of the nose","volume":"34","author":"Ferrario","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0185(199804)250:4<480::AID-AR12>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Facial volume changes during normal human growth and development","volume":"250","author":"Ferrario","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anat Rec."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199903000-00002","article-title":"Soft-tissue facial morphometry from 6 years to adulthood: A three-dimensional growth study using a new modeling","volume":"103","author":"Ferrario","year":"1999","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.07.027","article-title":"Age- and sex-related changes in the normal human external nose","volume":"204","author":"Sforza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198607000-00006","article-title":"Bilateral cleft lip reconstruction","volume":"78","author":"Noordhoff","year":"1986","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200209010-00001","article-title":"Assessment of bilateral cleft lip nose deformity: A comparison of results as judged by cleft surgeons and laypersons","volume":"110","author":"Lo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000239600.79638.6f","article-title":"Progressive changes of columella length and nasal growth after nasoalveolar molding in bilateral cleft patients: A 3-year follow-up study","volume":"119","author":"Liou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000000715","article-title":"Long-term comparison of the results of four techniques used for bilateral cleft nose repair: A single surgeon\u2019s experience","volume":"134","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1001\/archoto.2008.501","article-title":"Nasal growth and maturation age in adolescents: A systematic review","volume":"134","author":"Wit","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S1875-9572(10)60014-9","article-title":"New growth charts for taiwanese children and adolescents based on world health organization standards and health-related physical fitness","volume":"51","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neonatol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjx227","article-title":"Three-dimensional imaging of the face: A comparison between three different imaging modalities","volume":"38","author":"Verhulst","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aesthet. Surg. J."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"138090","article-title":"The reliability of a three- dimensional photo system- (3dmdface-) based evaluation of the face in cleft lip infants","volume":"2012","author":"Ort","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plast. Surg. Int."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Farkas, L.G. (1994). Anthropometry of the Head and Neck, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S139","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000001020","article-title":"Establishment of a reliable horizontal reference plane for 3-dimensional facial soft tissue evaluation before and after orthognathic surgery","volume":"78","author":"Chortrakarnkij","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1564818","article-title":"Nasal analysis and anatomy: Anthropometric proportional assessment in asians-aesthetic balance from forehead to chin, part I","volume":"29","author":"Suhk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2009.10.017","article-title":"Registration of facial 3-dimensional facial photographs for clinical use","volume":"68","author":"Maal","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2008.12.009","article-title":"Evaluation of reproducibility and reliability of 3D soft tissue analysis using 3D stereophotogrammetry","volume":"38","author":"Plooij","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PRS.0000080722.03558.33","article-title":"Simultaneous reconstruction of the secondary bilateral cleft lip and nasal deformity: Abbe flap revisited","volume":"112","author":"Lo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3182a053f1","article-title":"Secondary cleft nasoplasty at primary school age: Quantitative evaluation of the efficacy of resorbable plates","volume":"132","author":"McDaniel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000003475","article-title":"Evidence-based medicine: Secondary correction of cleft lip nasal deformity","volume":"140","author":"Allori","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1054\/jcms.2001.0217","article-title":"The Eurocleft project 1996-2000: Overview","volume":"29","author":"Shaw","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Craniomaxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000005216","article-title":"Outcome of patients with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate: 20-year follow-up of a treatment protocol","volume":"143","author":"Pai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/8\/5\/602\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:48:41Z","timestamp":1760186921000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/8\/5\/602"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm8050602"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm8050602","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]}}}