{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T13:27:04Z","timestamp":1781270824762,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":158,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,14]],"date-time":"2019-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Molecular nuclear medicine plays a pivotal role for diagnosis in a preclinical phase, in genetically susceptible patients, for radio-guided surgery, for disease relapse evaluation, and for therapy decision-making and follow-up. This is possible thanks to the development of new radiopharmaceuticals to target specific biomarkers of infection, inflammation and tumour immunology. Methods: In this review, we describe the use of specific radiopharmaceuticals for infectious and inflammatory diseases with the aim of fast and accurate diagnosis and treatment follow-up. Furthermore, we focus on specific oncological indications with an emphasis on tumour immunology and visualizing the tumour environment. Results: Molecular nuclear medicine imaging techniques get a foothold in the diagnosis of a variety of infectious and inflammatory diseases, such as bacterial and fungal infections, rheumatoid arthritis, and large vessel vasculitis, but also for treatment response in cancer immunotherapy. Conclusion: Several specific radiopharmaceuticals can be used to improve diagnosis and staging, but also for therapy decision-making and follow-up in infectious, inflammatory and oncological diseases where immune cells are involved. The identification of these cell subpopulations by nuclear medicine techniques would provide personalized medicine for these patients, avoiding side effects and improving therapeutic approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8050681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,14]],"date-time":"2019-05-14T10:42:33Z","timestamp":1557830553000},"page":"681","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Immuno-Imaging to Predict Treatment Response in Infection, Inflammation and Oncology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8923-648X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Signore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and of Translational Medicine, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Lauri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and of Translational Medicine, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7183-1982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sveva","family":"Auletta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and of Translational Medicine, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Anzola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 Groningen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Nuclear Medicine Department, Clinica Colsanitas, Bogot\u00e0 111121, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3439-6010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Galli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and of Translational Medicine, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Casali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Medicine Unit, Oncology and High Technology Department, S. Maria Nuova Hospital, AUSL-IRCCS of Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annibale","family":"Versari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Medicine Unit, Oncology and High Technology Department, S. Maria Nuova Hospital, AUSL-IRCCS of Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8081-0641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andor W.J.M.","family":"Glaudemans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612824666180130115153","article-title":"Current status of molecular imaging in inflammatory disorders","volume":"24","author":"Signore","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. 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