{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T15:00:40Z","timestamp":1773673240688,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,5]],"date-time":"2019-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this study was to assess chiasmal misrouting in a cohort of children with albinism with no nystagmus using hemifield visual evoked potentials (VEP) measures. Methods: Monocular VEPs were recorded and analyzed from three electrodes (O1, Oz, and O2 referred to Fz) from 16 children with albinism without nystagmus. Pattern reversal (full field and hemifield stimulation), full field pattern appearance and flash stimuli were used to evoke VEPs for each eye. Results: The amplitude of the pattern reversal VEPs to stimulation of the hemifield corresponding to the crossing pathways were as expected significantly larger than those to the non-crossing in each eye ((right eye p = 0.000004), (left eye p = 0.001)). Pattern reversal VEPs recorded from the left hemisphere were also larger than those from the right and most evident when comparing the crossing pathways of each eye (p = 0.004). Conclusions: This study has demonstrated electrophysiological differences in visual pathway function of the left and right hemisphere in subjects with albinism like that previously described in controls. Nasal field stimulation activated crossing and non-crossing pathways in patients with albinism and as a result, nasal hemifield VEPs in albinism are less lateralized compared to what is found in normal subjects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8060802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,6]],"date-time":"2019-06-06T03:38:01Z","timestamp":1559792281000},"page":"802","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Occipital Petalia and Albinism: A Study of Interhemispheric VEP Asymmetries in Albinism with No Nystagmus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3223-5202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alkiviades","family":"Liasis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA"},{"name":"UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7612-3889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sian E.","family":"Handley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ken K.","family":"Nischal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(85)90077-3","article-title":"Albinism","volume":"30","author":"Kinnear","year":"1985","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3109\/13816819009020979","article-title":"Visual anomalies associated with albinism","volume":"11","author":"Creel","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Paediatr. Genet."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-0156","article-title":"Configuration of the optic chiasm in humans with albinism as revealed by magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"44","author":"Schmitz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2012.08.010","article-title":"Changes in brain morphology in albinism reflect reduced visual acuity","volume":"56","author":"Bridge","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3892","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0491","article-title":"Misrouting of the optic nerves in albinism: Estimation of the extent with visual evoked potentials","volume":"46","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2013.11.002","article-title":"Recessive mutations in SLC38a8 cause foveal hypoplasia and optic nerve misrouting without albinism","volume":"93","author":"Poulter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2006.091702","article-title":"Chiasmal misrouting and foveal hypoplasia without albinism","volume":"90","author":"Riemslag","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-012-9315-4","article-title":"VEP characteristics in children with achiasmia, in comparison to albino and healthy children","volume":"124","author":"Brecelj","year":"2012","journal-title":"Doc. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-014-9448-8","article-title":"Visual electrophysiology in the clinical evaluation of optic neuritis, chiasmal tumours, achiasmia, and ocular albinism: An overview","volume":"129","author":"Brecelj","year":"2014","journal-title":"Doc. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-010-9250-1","article-title":"When do asymmetrical full-field pattern reversal visual evoked potentials indicate visual pathway dysfunction in children?","volume":"122","author":"Mellow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Doc. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-016-9553-y","article-title":"ISCEV standard for clinical visual evoked potentials: (2016 update)","volume":"133","author":"Odom","year":"2016","journal-title":"Doc. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/261253a0","article-title":"A paradox in the lateralisation of the visual evoked response","volume":"261","author":"Barrett","year":"1976","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.068171","article-title":"The achiasmia spectrum: Congenitally reduced chiasmal decussation","volume":"89","author":"Sami","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-42214","article-title":"Isolated absence of optic chiasm revealed by congenital nystagmus, MRI and VEPs","volume":"34","author":"Korff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.05.026","article-title":"Plasticity and stability of the visual system in human achiasma","volume":"75","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0458","article-title":"Identifying human albinism: A comparison of VEP and fMRI","volume":"49","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(83)90162-1","article-title":"A decisive electrophysiological test for human albinism","volume":"55","author":"Apkarian","year":"1983","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1067\/mpa.2000.107901","article-title":"Comparison of techniques for detecting visually evoked potential asymmetry in albinism","volume":"4","author":"Soong","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Assoc. Pediatr. Ophthalmol. Strabismus"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.87.6.767","article-title":"The clinicla features of albinism and their correlation with visual evoked potentials","volume":"87","author":"Dorey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-007-9111-8","article-title":"VEP maturation and visual acuity in infants and preschool children","volume":"117","author":"Lenassi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Doc. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02582984","article-title":"Pattern-onset visual evoked potentials: More useful than reversal for patients with nystagmus","volume":"94","author":"Saunders","year":"1997","journal-title":"Doc. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-006-0522-7","article-title":"Saccadic instabilities in albinism without nystagmus","volume":"175","author":"Timms","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2639","article-title":"Birth prevalence and mutation spectrum in Danish patients with autosomal recessive albinism","volume":"50","author":"Ek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.61.7.454","article-title":"The assymetrical visual evoked potential to pattern reversl in one half field and its significance for the analysis of visual field defects","volume":"61","author":"Blumhardt","year":"1977","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(78)90189-X","article-title":"The effect of experimental \u201cscotomata\u201d on the ipsilatteral and contralateral responses to pattern-reversal in one half-field","volume":"45","author":"Blumhardt","year":"1978","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1009","article-title":"Mapping brain asymmetry","volume":"4","author":"Toga","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(90)90020-E","article-title":"Amplitude asymmetry of hemifield pattern reversal VEPs in healthy subjects","volume":"77","author":"Abe","year":"1990","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. Evoked Potentials"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.37.5.795","article-title":"Amplitude difference between pattern-evoked potentials after left and right hemifield stimulation in normal subjects","volume":"37","author":"Kuroiwa","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21574","article-title":"The fovea regulates symmetrical development of the visual cortex","volume":"506","author":"Neveu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04433.x","article-title":"Retinal abnormalities in human albinism translate into a reduction of grey matter in the occipital cortex","volume":"22","author":"Houston","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.01.037","article-title":"The functional significance of foveal abnormalities in albinism measured using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"118","author":"Mohammad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/8\/6\/802\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:56:25Z","timestamp":1760187385000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/8\/6\/802"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,5]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm8060802"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm8060802","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,5]]}}}