{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T05:03:06Z","timestamp":1776142986491,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]],"date-time":"2019-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Studies have demonstrated significant sex differences in alcohol intoxication effects. In contrast, the majority of studies on the alcohol hangover phase did not investigate sex differences. Therefore, the current study examined possible sex differences in the presence and severity of alcohol hangover symptoms. Data from n = 2446 Dutch students (male = 50.7%, female = 49.3%) were analyzed. They reported the presence and severity of 22 hangover symptoms experienced after their past month heaviest drinking occasion. Subjects were categorized according to their estimated peak blood alcohol concentration (eBAC) and presence and severity of the hangover symptoms were compared between men and women. In the lowest eBAC group (0% \u2264 eBAC &lt; 0.08%), no significant sex differences were found. In the subsequent eBAC group (0.08% \u2264 eBAC &lt; 0.11%), severity of nausea was significantly higher in women than in men. In the third eBAC group (0.11% \u2264 eBAC &lt; 0.2%), women reported higher severity scores on nausea, tiredness, weakness, and dizziness than men. Men reported the presence of confusion significantly more often than women, and women reported the presence of shivering significantly more often than men. In the fourth eBAC group (0.2% \u2264 eBAC &lt; 0.3%), women reported higher severity scores on nausea and tiredness than men. In the highest eBAC group (0.3% \u2264 eBAC &lt; 0.4%), no significant sex differences were found. In conclusion, across the eBAC groups, severity scores of nausea and tiredness were higher in women than in men. However, albeit statistically significant, the observed sex differences in presence and severity of hangover symptoms were of small magnitude, and therefore, have little clinical relevance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8060867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]],"date-time":"2019-06-17T11:24:45Z","timestamp":1560770685000},"page":"867","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Sex Differences in the Presence and Severity of Alcohol Hangover Symptoms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Albertine E.","family":"van Lawick van Pabst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lydia E.","family":"Devenney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Life and Health Sciences Ulster University, Londonderry BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6455-2096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joris C.","family":"Verster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne VIC 3122, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"148","article-title":"Development of a definition for the alcohol hangover: Consumer descriptions and expert consensus","volume":"9","author":"Mackus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Abus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.2174\/1874473706999140108154704","article-title":"Alcohol hangover and the workplace: A need for research","volume":"6","author":"Frone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Abus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6673-5-13","article-title":"Use of alcohol and drugs by Norwegian employees: A pilot study using questionnaires and analysis of oral fluid","volume":"15","author":"Gjerde","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Occup. Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"2999","article-title":"Effects of alcohol hangover on simulated highway driving performance","volume":"231","author":"Verster","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2013.833329","article-title":"Driving during alcohol hangover among Dutch professional truck drivers","volume":"15","author":"Verster","year":"2014","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-015-1194-2","article-title":"The effect of alcohol hangover on the ability to ride a bicycle","volume":"129","author":"Hartung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Legal Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199001113220205","article-title":"High blood alcohol levels in women. The role of decreased gastric alcohol dehydrogenase activity and first-pass metabolism","volume":"322","author":"Frezza","year":"1990","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"55","article-title":"Gender differences in moderate drinking effects","volume":"23","author":"Mumenthaler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Alcohol Res. Health"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Birnbaum, I.M., and Parker, E.S. (1977). Alcohol and memory impairment in male and female social drinkers. Alcohol and Human Memory, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(89)90103-0","article-title":"Gender differences in retrieval from long-term memory following acute intoxication with ethanol","volume":"45","author":"Haut","year":"1989","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"953","article-title":"Effects of consuming alcohol mixed with energy drinks versus consuming alcohol only on overall alcohol consumption and negative alcohol-related consequences","volume":"5","author":"Olivier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"979","article-title":"The self-rating of the effects of alcohol (SRE) form a retrospective measure of the risk for alcoholism","volume":"92","author":"Schuckit","year":"1997","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2377","article-title":"The relationship between self-Rating of the Effects of Alcohol (SRE) form scores and subjective intoxication and sleepiness scores after alcohol consumption","volume":"28","author":"Verster","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1971.33.2.652","article-title":"Catecholamine output during and after acute alcoholic intoxication","volume":"33","author":"Myrsten","year":"1971","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Skills"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1974.tb00378.x","article-title":"Metabolic studies on the pathogenesis of hangover","volume":"4","author":"Ylikahri","year":"1974","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(76)92690-8","article-title":"Effect of alcohol on anterior-pituitary secretion of trophic hormones","volume":"1","author":"Ylikahri","year":"1976","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1976.tb00498.x","article-title":"Effects of fructose and glucose on ethanol-induced metabolic changes and on the intensity of alcohol intoxication and hangover","volume":"6","author":"Ylikahri","year":"1974","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-46-5-715","article-title":"Acute effects of alcohol on anterior pituitary secretion of the tropic hormones","volume":"46","author":"Ylikahri","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1976.tb00511.x","article-title":"Renin aldosterone axis in ethanol intoxication and hangover","volume":"6","author":"Linkola","year":"1976","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1978.tb06265.x","article-title":"Plasma vasopressin in ethanol intoxication and hangover","volume":"104","author":"Linkola","year":"1978","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1979.tb06372.x","article-title":"Renin, aldoserone and cortisol during ethanol intoxication and hangover","volume":"106","author":"Linkola","year":"1979","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1979.tb06484.x","article-title":"Adenosine 3\u2032, 5\u2032cyclic monophosphate, calcium and magnesium excretion in ethanol intoxication and hangover","volume":"107","author":"Linkola","year":"1979","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1989.tb00277.x","article-title":"Effect of Acute Ethanol Intake and Hangover on the Levels of Plasma and Urinary Catecholamines and Lymphocytic \u03b2-Adrenergic Receptors","volume":"13","author":"Heikkonen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1990.tb01231.x","article-title":"Sons of alcoholics report greater hangover symptoms than sons of nonalcoholics: A pilot study","volume":"14","author":"Newlin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1996.tb01676.x","article-title":"The combined effect of alcohol and physical exercise on serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and cortisol in males","volume":"20","author":"Heikkonen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03671.x","article-title":"Effect of alcohol on exercise-induced changes in serum glucose and serum free fatty acids","volume":"22","author":"Heikkonen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(98)00299-9","article-title":"Effect of ethanol drinking, hangover, and exercise on adrenergic activity and heart rate variability in patients with a history of alcohol-induced atrial fibrillation","volume":"82","author":"Toivonen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2003.09.003","article-title":"Effects of alcohol hangover on cytokine production in healthy subjects","volume":"31","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"990","article-title":"Influence of the aftereffects of alcohol combined with hypoxia on psychomotor performance","volume":"35","author":"Carrolli","year":"1964","journal-title":"Aerosp. Med. Hum. Perform."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00401399","article-title":"Time Relations of the Effects of Alcohol Compared to Placebo","volume":"13","author":"Cadenius","year":"1968","journal-title":"Psychopharmacologia"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"928","article-title":"Aftereffects of alcohol on the perception and control pitch altitude during centripetal acceleration","volume":"44","author":"Dowd","year":"1973","journal-title":"Aerosp. Med. Hum. Perform."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"209","article-title":"Effects of Hangover on Psychomotor Skills Related to Driving: Modification by Fructose and Glucose","volume":"38","author":"Leino","year":"1976","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00427636","article-title":"Alcohol Intoxication and Hangover: Modification of Hangover by Chlormethiazole","volume":"125","author":"Myrsten","year":"1980","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"12","article-title":"The influence of alcohol and aging on radio communication during flight","volume":"61","author":"Morrow","year":"1990","journal-title":"Aviat. Space Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.470060407","article-title":"Nocturnal and next-day effects of ethanol and basal level of sleepiness","volume":"6","author":"Roehrs","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hum. Psychopharmacol. Clin. Exp."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1993.tb00816.x","article-title":"Investigation of the \u201cHangover\u201d Effects of an Acute Dose of Alcohol on Psychomotor Performance","volume":"17","author":"Lemon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1994.tb00896.x","article-title":"Sleepiness and Ethanol Effects on Simulated Driving","volume":"18","author":"Roehrs","year":"1994","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01592.x","article-title":"Alcohol Hangover and Managerial Effectiveness","volume":"19","author":"Streufert","year":"1995","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1998.931218298.x","article-title":"An examination of next-day hangover effects after a 100 mg\/100 mL dose of alcohol in heavy social drinkers","volume":"93","author":"Finnigan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327108IJAP1303_06","article-title":"Postintoxication Effects of Alcohol on Flight Performance after Moderate and High Blood Alcohol Levels","volume":"13","author":"Petros","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Aviat. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.2006.03664.x","article-title":"Surgical dexterity after a \u201cnight out on the town\u201d","volume":"76","author":"Kocher","year":"2006","journal-title":"ANZ J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.2011.67","article-title":"Persistent next-day effects of excessive alcohol consumption on laparoscopic surgical performance","volume":"146","author":"Gallagher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Surg."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12412","article-title":"Effects of binge drinking and hangover on response selection sub-processes-a study using EEG and drift diffusion modeling","volume":"22","author":"Stock","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12470","article-title":"Effects of high-dose ethanol intoxication and hangover on cognitive flexibility","volume":"23","author":"Wolff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2006.67.416","article-title":"Physical and psychomotor functioning of females the morning after consuming low to moderate quantities of beer","volume":"67","author":"Kruisselbrink","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1994.tb06852.x","article-title":"Flight Simulator Performance of Younger and Older Aircraft Pilots: Effects of Age and Alcohol","volume":"42","author":"Yesavage","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.006","article-title":"Effect of alcohol on surgical dexterity after a night of moderate alcohol intake","volume":"206","author":"Szlabick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"145","article-title":"Neuropsychological correlates of alcoholic hangover","volume":"95","author":"Anderson","year":"1999","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02245075","article-title":"Acute and residual effects of alcohol and marijuana, alone and in combination, on mood and performance","volume":"115","author":"Chait","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881116645299","article-title":"The effect of alcohol hangover on choice response time","volume":"30","author":"Grange","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13081","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13081","article-title":"Alcohol hangover impacts learning and reward processing within the medial-frontal cortex","volume":"55","author":"Howse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agh099","article-title":"Next day effects of a normal night\u2019s drinking on memory and psychomotor performance","volume":"39","author":"McKinney","year":"2004","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2007.68.446","article-title":"Next-day effects of alcohol and an additional stressor on memory and psychomotor performance","volume":"68","author":"McKinney","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2006.67.406","article-title":"Effects of heavy drinking by maritime academy cadets on hangover, perceived sleep, and next-day ship power plant operation","volume":"67","author":"Rohsenow","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.15288\/qjsas.1970.s5.067","article-title":"Experimental induction of hangover","volume":"5","author":"Chapman","year":"1970","journal-title":"Q. J. Stud. Alcohol"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1177\/001872088002200406","article-title":"Laboratory Performance during Acute Alcohol Intoxication and Hangover","volume":"22","author":"Collins","year":"1978","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"327","article-title":"Performance effects of alcohol intoxication and hangover at ground level and at simulated altitude","volume":"51","author":"Collins","year":"1980","journal-title":"Aviat. Space Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300090","article-title":"Alcohol hangover effects on memory functioning and vigilance performance after an evening of binge drinking","volume":"28","author":"Verster","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02880.x","article-title":"The effects of binge drinking on college students\u2019 next-day academic test-taking performance and mood state","volume":"105","author":"Howland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2009.01116.x","article-title":"Intoxication with bourbon versus vodka: Effects on hangover, sleep, and next-day neurocognitive performance in young adults","volume":"34","author":"Rohsenow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alcohol: Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2268","article-title":"Next day effects of naturalistic alcohol consumption on tasks of attention","volume":"27","author":"McKinney","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"489","article-title":"Investigation of alcoholic hangover effects on driving performance","volume":"581","author":"Laurell","year":"1983","journal-title":"Natl. Swed. Road Traffic Res. Inst."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"101","article-title":"Hangover Predicts Residual Alcohol Effects on Psychomotor Vigilance the Morning After Intoxication","volume":"23","author":"Howland","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Addict. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1981.42.998","article-title":"Negative affect, alcohol consumption and hangover symptoms among normal drinkers in a small community","volume":"42","author":"Harburg","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(93)90017-U","article-title":"Psychosocial factors, alcohol use, and hangover signs among social drinkers: A reappraisal","volume":"46","author":"Harburg","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/ags029","article-title":"Alcohol hangover symptoms and their contribution to overall hangover severity","volume":"47","author":"Penning","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Schrojenstein Lantman, M., Mackus, M., van de Loo, A.J.A.E., and Verster, J.C. (2017). The impact of alcohol hangover symptoms on cognitive and physical functioning, and mood. Hum. Psychopharmacol. Clin. Exp., 32.","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2623"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1981.42.547","article-title":"Prediction of blood alcohol concentrations in human subjects. Updating the Widmark Equation","volume":"42","author":"Watson","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.2147\/SAR.S119361","article-title":"Characteristics of social drinkers with and without a hangover after heavy alcohol consumption","volume":"7","author":"Hogewoning","year":"2016","journal-title":"Subst. Abus. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2006.10.001","article-title":"The acute hangover scale: A new measure of immediate hangover symptoms","volume":"32","author":"Rohsenow","year":"2007","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000085585.81711.AE","article-title":"Development and initial validation of the Hangover Symptoms Scale: Prevalence and correlates of Hangover Symptoms in college students","volume":"27","author":"Slutske","year":"2003","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-012-2866-y","article-title":"Measurement of alcohol hangover severity: Development of the Alcohol Hangover Severity Scale (AHSS)","volume":"225","author":"Penning","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.2174\/1874473711003020116","article-title":"The alcohol hangover research group consensus statement on best practice in alcohol hangover research","volume":"3","author":"Verster","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Abus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2012.73.925","article-title":"Low Sensitivity to Alcohol: Relations with Hangover Occurrence and Susceptibility in an Ecological Momentary Assessment Investigation","volume":"73","author":"Piasecki","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024706","article-title":"Hangover sensitivity after controlled alcohol administration as predictor of post-college drinking","volume":"121","author":"Rohsenow","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S136467","article-title":"Total sleep time, alcohol consumption and the duration and severity of alcohol hangover","volume":"9","author":"Mackus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Sci. Sleep"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s41782-017-0008-7","article-title":"Alcohol hangover, sleep quality, and daytime sleepiness","volume":"1","author":"Roth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Vigil."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"269","article-title":"Clinical effect of a polysaccharide-rich extract of Acanthopanax senticosus on alcohol hangover","volume":"70","author":"Bang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmazie"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00280076","article-title":"Effects of Liv.52, a herbal preparation, on absorption and metabolism of ethanol in humans","volume":"40","author":"Chauhan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.04.007","article-title":"Effect of Korean pear (Pyruspyrifolia cv. Shingo) juice on hangover severity following alcohol consumption","volume":"58","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxocol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1039\/c3fo60481k","article-title":"and Lee, J.H. Red ginseng relieves the effects of alcohol consumption and hangover symptoms in healthy men: A randomized crossover study","volume":"5","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1080\/13556219772525","article-title":"Tropisetron and hangover","volume":"2","author":"Muhonen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.3746\/jkfn.2009.38.6.683","article-title":"Effect of dandelion juice supplementation on alcohol-induced oxidative stress and hangover in healthy male college students","volume":"38","author":"Noh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.2174\/1874473711003020103","article-title":"Treatment and prevention of alcohol hangover","volume":"3","author":"Verster","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Abus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2600","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2600","article-title":"Interventions for treatment and\/or prevention of alcohol hangover: Systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Jayawardena","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Psychopharmacol. Clin. Exp."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2006.67.269","article-title":"Do we learn from our mistakes? An examination of the impact of negative alcohol-related consequences on college students\u2019 drinking patterns and perceptions","volume":"67","author":"Mallett","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mackus, M., van Schrojenstein Lantman, M., van de Loo, A.J.A.E., Nutt, D.J., and Verster, J.C. (2017). An effective hangover treatment: Friend or foe?. Drug Sci. Policy Law.","DOI":"10.1177\/2050324517741038"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.11.040","article-title":"The effects of alcohol hangover on future drinking behavior and the development of alcohol problems","volume":"78","author":"Courtney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000001026","article-title":"Zolpidem and gender: Are women really at risk?","volume":"39","author":"Greenblatt","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (1993). Guideline for the study and evaluation of gender differences in the clinical evaluation of drugs. Fed. Regist., 58, 39406\u201339416."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (EMA) (2019, May 18). Gender Considerations in the Conduct of Clinical Trials. Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/scientific-guideline\/ich-gender-considerations-conduct-clinical-trials-step-5_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12238","article-title":"Does the severity of hangovers decline with age? Survey of the incidence of hangover in different age groups","volume":"38","author":"Tolstrup","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"101","article-title":"Binge drinking-United States, 2009","volume":"60","author":"Kanny","year":"2011","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill. Summ."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.1023","article-title":"Alcohol hangover: A critical review of explanatory factors","volume":"24","author":"Prat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.2174\/1874473710666170207152933","article-title":"A Review of the Physiological Factors Associated with Alcohol Hangover","volume":"9","author":"Tipple","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Abus. Rev."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8091308","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]],"date-time":"2019-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560729600000}}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/8\/6\/867\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,3]],"date-time":"2025-08-03T22:32:34Z","timestamp":1754260354000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/8\/6\/867"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm8060867"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm8060867","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3390\/jcm8091308","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]]}}}