{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T04:31:01Z","timestamp":1781843461221,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,28]],"date-time":"2019-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>While implant-related infections continue to play a relevant role in failure of implantable biomaterials in orthopaedic and trauma there is a lack of standardised microbiological procedures to identify the pathogen(s). The microbiological diagnosis of implant-related infections is challenging due to the following factors: the presence of bacterial biofilm(s), often associated with slow-growing microorganisms, low bacterial loads, previous antibiotic treatments and, possible intra-operative contamination. Therefore, diagnosis requires a specific set of procedures. Based on the Guidelines of the Italian Association of the Clinical Microbiologists (AMCLI), the World Association against Infection in Orthopaedics and Trauma has drafted the present document. This document includes guidance on the basic principles for sampling and processing for implant-related infections based on the most relevant literature. These procedures outline the main microbiological approaches, including sampling and processing methodologies for diagnostic assessment and confirmation of implant-related infections. Biofilm dislodgement techniques, incubation time and the role of molecular approaches are addressed in specific sections. The aim of this paper is to ensure a standardised approach to the main microbiological methods for implant-related infections, as well as to promote multidisciplinary collaboration between clinicians and microbiologists.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8070933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,28]],"date-time":"2019-06-28T11:20:26Z","timestamp":1561720826000},"page":"933","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["The World Association against Infection in Orthopaedics and Trauma (WAIOT) procedures for Microbiological Sampling and Processing for Periprosthetic Joint Infections (PJIs) and other Implant-Related Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5206-540X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Drago","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20100 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierangelo","family":"Clerici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, AO Legnano Hospital, AMCLI, 20025 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5719-0739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Morelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Residency Program in Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Milan, 20100 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johari","family":"Ashok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics and Spine Surgery, Children\u2019s Orthopedic Centre, Mumbai 230532, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thami","family":"Benzakour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zerktouni Orthopaedic Clinic, Casablanca 20000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svetlana","family":"Bozhkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prevention and Treatment of Wound Infection, R.R. Vreden Russian Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, 33701 S. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chingiz","family":"Alizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traumatology &amp; Orthopedics Department, Baku Health Clinic, 1005 Baku, Azerbaigian"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hern\u00e1n","family":"del Sel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, British Hospital Buenos Aires, B1675 Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hemant K","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hull University Teaching Hospitals, Anlaby Road, Hull HU3 2JZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2370-2438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trisha","family":"Peel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3004, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Mattina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Odontoiatric and Surgical Sciences, University of Milan, 20100 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo Luca","family":"Roman\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Studio Medico Cecca-Roman\u00f2, corso Venezia, 2, 20121 Milano, Italy"},{"name":"Romano Institute, Rruga Ibrahim Rugova, Tirane 1001, Albania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp0905029","article-title":"Clinical practice. 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