{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T08:59:52Z","timestamp":1769245192117,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":216,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,15]],"date-time":"2019-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University","award":["107TMU-SHH-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107TMU-SHH-18"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Taiwan","award":["MOST 106-2628-E-038-001-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 106-2628-E-038-001-MY3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dry eye disease (DED) has become common on a global scale in recent years. There is a wide prevalence of DED in different countries based on various ethnicities and environment. DED is a multifactorial ocular disorder. In addition to advanced age and gender, such factors as living at high altitude, smoking, pterygium, prolonged use of consumer electronics or overingesting of caffeine or multivitamins are considered to be the major risk factors of DED. We report the DED epidemiology in Taiwan firstly in this article. According to the pathophysiological factors and changes inthe composition of the tear film in DED, it can be categorized into several subtypes, including lipid anomaly dry eye, aqueous tear deficiency, allergic and toxic dry eye among others. Each subtype has its own cause and disease management; therefore, it is important for ophthalmologists to identify the type through literature review and investigation. The management of DED, relies not only on traditional medications such as artificial tears, gels and ointments, but also newer treatment options such as acupuncture, SYL1001, and nanomedicine therapy. We also conducted a comprehensive literature review including common subtypes and treatment of DED. Clearly, more clinical trials are needed to assess the efficacy and safety of the various treatments and common subtypes of DED.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8081227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,15]],"date-time":"2019-08-15T11:11:00Z","timestamp":1565867460000},"page":"1227","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Dry Eye Disease: A Review of Epidemiology in Taiwan, and its Clinical Treatment and Merits"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Yu-Kai","family":"Kuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I-Chan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li-Nien","family":"Chien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Care Administration, College of Management, , Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Health and Clinical Data Research Center, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tzu-Yu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying-Ting","family":"How","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials &amp; Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ko-Hua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregory J.","family":"Dusting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia"},{"name":"Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9446-4030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ching-Li","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials &amp; Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Research Center of Biomedical Device, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"International PhD Program in Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-004-0077-2","article-title":"Dry eye: Diagnosis and current treatment strategies","volume":"4","author":"Collum","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. 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