{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T22:31:00Z","timestamp":1787783460816,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,27]],"date-time":"2019-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Because it affords greater accuracy than landmark-based techniques, ultrasound guidance may reduce the volume of local anesthetic required for sympathetic blockade of the upper extremity. We hypothesized that 4 mL would provide a similar clinical effect when compared to larger volumes. Methods: One hundred and two patients with chronic neuropathic pain of the upper extremity or face were randomly assigned to receive an ultrasound-guided (USG) stellate ganglion block (SGB) with either 4 mL (group A), 6 mL (group B) or 8 mL (group C) mL of 1.0% lidocaine. Skin temperatures of the face, hand, and axillary fold were measured bilaterally at baseline, 10, 20, and 30 min after the block. Our primary outcome was the relative increase in hand temperature on the blocked side at 30 min and our non-inferiority margin was \u22120.6 \u00b0C. Secondary outcomes included success rate (as defined by a relative temperature increase of \u22651.5 \u00b0C), pain relief, degree of ptosis and side-effects. Results: The 95% confidence intervals for the difference of the means exceeded our non-inferiority margin (A versus B: \u22120.76 to 0.24; A versus C: \u22120.89 to 0.11) for temperature changes in the hand; however, success rates were similar (44, 45 and 55% for A, B and C respectively, p = 0.651). No intergroup differences were found in temperature-related outcomes for the other measurement sites (face, axilla). The incidence of minor side-effects was significantly higher in group C and no block-related complications were noted. Conclusions: We were unable to establish the non-inferiority of a 4 mL volume for sympathetic blockade of the hand. The clinical significance of these findings is unclear as success rates were similar between the different groups. In contrast, the 6- and 8 mL volumes were not associated with greater temperature changes in the face and axilla.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8091314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,27]],"date-time":"2019-08-27T11:13:30Z","timestamp":1566904410000},"page":"1314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["A Randomized Comparison between 4, 6 and 8 mL of Local Anesthetic for Ultrasound-Guided Stellate Ganglion Block"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9097-6167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongjae","family":"Yoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea"},{"name":"Integrated Cancer Management Center, Seoul National University Cancer Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang-soon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea"},{"name":"Integrated Cancer Management Center, Seoul National University Cancer Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-Chul","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5551-7750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jee Youn","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea"},{"name":"Integrated Cancer Management Center, Seoul National University Cancer Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roderick J.","family":"Finlayson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Alan Edwards Paint Unit, McGill University Health Center, 1650 Cedar Ave, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"958","article-title":"Facial pain: A possible therapy with stellate ganglion block","volume":"9","author":"Salvaggio","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain Med. 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