{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T01:17:50Z","timestamp":1793755070551,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,8]],"date-time":"2019-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteoarthritis (OA), the most common form of arthritis, may be triggered by improper secretion of circadian clock-regulated hormones, such as melatonin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), or cortisol. The imbalance of these hormones alters the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cartilage degenerative enzymes in articular cartilage, resulting in cartilage erosion, synovial inflammation, and osteophyte formation, the major hallmarks of OA. In this review, we summarize the effects of circadian melatonin, TSH, and cortisol on OA, focusing on how different levels of these hormones affect OA pathogenesis and recovery with respect to the circadian clock. We also highlight the effects of melatonin, TSH, and cortisol at different concentrations both in vivo and in vitro, which may help to elucidate the relationship between circadian hormones and OA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8091415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T04:12:40Z","timestamp":1568002360000},"page":"1415","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Physiological and Pathological Role of Circadian Hormones in Osteoarthritis: Dose-Dependent or Time-Dependent?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Farhad Md.","family":"Hossain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea"},{"name":"Ubiquitous Healthcare &amp; Anti-Aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea"},{"name":"Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunkyung","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ubiquitous Healthcare &amp; Anti-Aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea"},{"name":"Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunho","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ubiquitous Healthcare &amp; Anti-Aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea"},{"name":"Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, College of Healthcare Medical Science &amp; Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeonghyun","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ubiquitous Healthcare &amp; Anti-Aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea"},{"name":"Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, College of Healthcare Medical Science &amp; Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1288-0546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yonggeun","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea"},{"name":"Ubiquitous Healthcare &amp; Anti-Aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea"},{"name":"Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, College of Healthcare Medical Science &amp; Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology\/Oncology, Harvard Medical School-Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2004.11.006","article-title":"Cartilage degeneration in different human joints","volume":"13","author":"Kuettner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. 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