{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T14:28:26Z","timestamp":1789828106049,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,16]],"date-time":"2019-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) show low but increasing incidence and originate in multiple organs, including the pancreas, midgut, caecum, rectum, appendix, colon, and lungs. Due to their stunning genetic, histological, and clinical variability, diagnosis and treatment of NETs are challenging. In addition, low incidence and high variability hamper the implementation of high evidence trials. Therefore, guidelines do not cover the complexity of NETs and, frequently, treatment decisions are taken by interdisciplinary tumor conferences at comprehensive cancer centers. Treatment aims are (i) control of tumor growth, (ii) symptom control, as well as (iii) the improvement of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Here, we discuss high evidence trials facilitating the achievement of these treatment aims. The majority of the evidence exists for treatment with somatostatin analogue, everolimus, peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) with 177Lu-DOTATATE, sunitinib, and telotristat. Among those, PRRT is the only treatment option that has the potential to control symptoms, stop tumor growth, and to improve PFS and OS. In contrast, only a low level of evidence exists for treatment with cytotoxic drugs such as streptozotocin and doxorubicine. Finally, we discuss novel treatment options by a combination of cytotoxic drugs, 177Lu-DOTATATE, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors to be tested in randomized prospective trials in the future. In addition, the application of innovative isotopes, such as 225Ac, for PRRT is discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8091474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,17]],"date-time":"2019-09-17T03:31:46Z","timestamp":1568691106000},"page":"1474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Therapy of Patients with Neuroendocrine Neoplasia\u2014Evidence-Based Approaches and New Horizons"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Ralph A.","family":"Bundschuh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinik und Poliklinik f\u00fcr Nuklearmedizin, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bilel","family":"Habacha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinik und Poliklinik f\u00fcr Nuklearmedizin, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"L\u00fctje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinik und Poliklinik f\u00fcr Nuklearmedizin, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Essler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinik und Poliklinik f\u00fcr Nuklearmedizin, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.33.2056","article-title":"Future directions in the treatment of neuroendocrine tumors: Consensus report of the National Cancer Institute Neuroendocrine Tumor clinical trials planning meeting","volume":"29","author":"Kulke","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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