{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T04:14:07Z","timestamp":1781842447829,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]],"date-time":"2019-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This prospective observational study aimed to compare the changes in placental vascular indices and placental volume using three-dimensional power Doppler (3DPD) ultrasound in pregnancies with small for gestational age (SGA) neonates. We enrolled 396 women with singleton pregnancies from September 2013 to June 2016. Placental vascular indices, including the vascularization index (VI), flow index (FI), and vascularization flow index (VFI), and placental volume were obtained using 3DPD ultrasound in the first and second trimesters. Of the enrolled women, 21 delivered SGA neonates and 375 did not. In the first trimester, the SGA group had a significantly lower mean FI (25.10 \u00b1 7.51 versus 33.10 \u00b1 10.97, p &lt; 0.001) and VFI (4.59 \u00b1 1.95 versus 6.28 \u00b1 2.35, p = 0.001) than the non-SGA group. However, there was no significant difference in the placental volume between the two groups during the first trimester. In the second trimester, the SGA group also had a significantly lower mean FI (27.08 \u00b1 7.97 versus 31.54 \u00b1 11.01, p = 0.022) and VFI (6.68 \u00b1 1.71 versus 8.68 \u00b1 3.09, p &lt; 0.001) than the non-SGA group. In addition, a significantly smaller placental volume was noted in the SGA group (104.80 \u00b1 24.23 cm3 versus 122.67 \u00b1 26.35 cm3, p = 0.003) than in the non-SGA group during the second trimester. The results showed that a decreased placental VFI occurred earlier than a decreased placental volume in SGA pregnancies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8101651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]],"date-time":"2019-10-11T10:53:03Z","timestamp":1570791183000},"page":"1651","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Comparison of Placental Three-Dimensional Power Doppler Vascular Indices and Placental Volume in Pregnancies with Small for Gestational Age Neonates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Sue-Jar","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chie-Pein","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang-Ju","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4519-8391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen-Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2019). The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Practice Bulletin No. 204: Fetal Growth Restriction. Obstet. Gynecol., 133, e97\u2013e109.","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003070"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.9008","article-title":"Neurodevelopment following fetal growth restriction and its relationship with antepartum parameters of placental dysfunction","volume":"37","author":"Baschat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.05.034","article-title":"Cerebral palsy: Causes, pathways, and the role of genetic variants","volume":"213","author":"MacLennan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2010.04.005","article-title":"Volumes and Numbers of Intervillous Pores and Villous Domains in Placentas Associated with Intrauterine Growth Restriction and\/or Pre-eclampsia","volume":"31","author":"Rainey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.11.577","article-title":"Pathophysiology of placental-derived fetal growth restriction","volume":"218","author":"Burton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2017.11.004","article-title":"Screening for fetal growth restriction and placental insufficiency","volume":"23","author":"Audette","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.19077","article-title":"Prediction and prevention of small-for-gestational-age neonates: Evidence from SPREE and ASPRE","volume":"52","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.15919","article-title":"Differential performance of first-trimester screening in predicting small-for-gestational-age neonate or fetal growth restriction","volume":"49","author":"Crovetto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0705.1999.14020139.x","article-title":"Three-dimensional power Doppler sonography: Imaging and quantifying blood flow and vascularization","volume":"14","author":"Pairleitner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.4646","article-title":"Placental vascular indices (VI, FI and VFI) in intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). A pooled analysis of the literature","volume":"35","author":"Farina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2017.03.005","article-title":"Value of placental volume and vascular flow indices as predictors of intrauterine growth retardation","volume":"212","author":"Marrero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2010.11.001","article-title":"Three-dimensional ultrasound evaluation of the placenta","volume":"32","author":"Hata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.4754","article-title":"Systematic review on first trimester three-dimensional placental volumetry predicting small for gestational age infants","volume":"36","author":"Farina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.5356","article-title":"Placental volume at 11 to 14 gestational weeks in pregnancies complicated with fetal growth restriction and preeclampsia","volume":"38","author":"Papastefanou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-014-3162-3","article-title":"First trimester pregnancy volumes and subsequent small for gestational age fetuses","volume":"290","author":"Hoopmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"25","article-title":"Nationwide singleton birth weight percentiles by gestational age in Taiwan, 1998\u20132002","volume":"47","author":"Hsieh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr. Taiwanica"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy (2013). Hypertension in pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol., 122, 1122\u20131131."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"National Diabetes Data Group (1979). Classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance. Diabetes, 28, 1039\u20131057.","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.28.12.1039"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.5212","article-title":"Is three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasound useful in the assessment of placental perfusion in normal and growth-restricted pregnancies?","volume":"31","author":"Guiot","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-009-1341-4","article-title":"Reproducibility of three-dimensional power Doppler placental vascular indices in pregnancies between 26 and 35 weeks","volume":"283","author":"Mattar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.10149","article-title":"Measurement of spiral artery jets: General principles and differences observed in small-for-gestational-age pregnancies","volume":"40","author":"Collins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.12.002","article-title":"Placental Stem Villus Arterial Remodeling Associated with Reduced Hydrogen Sulfide Synthesis Contributes to Human Fetal Growth Restriction","volume":"187","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-011-1968-9","article-title":"Comparative analysis of placental vasculature and placental volume in normal and IUGR pregnancies with the use of three-dimensional Power Doppler","volume":"285","author":"Pomorski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2015.07.023","article-title":"Placental volume, vasculature and calcification in pregnancies complicated by pre-eclampsia and intra-uterine growth restriction","volume":"195","author":"Moran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2008.27.11.1583","article-title":"Placental volumes measured by 3-dimensional ultrasonography in normal pregnancies from 12 to 40 weeks\u2019 gestation","volume":"27","author":"Ruano","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1159\/000365148","article-title":"Second-trimester placental volume and vascular indices in the prediction of small-for-gestational-age neonates","volume":"37","author":"Fang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fetal. Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.7863\/ultra.15.06077","article-title":"Second-Trimester 3-Dimensional Placental Sonography as a Predictor of Small-for-Gestational-Age Birth Weight","volume":"35","author":"Quant","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-015-3947-z","article-title":"Predictive value of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) and free beta-hCG on fetal growth restriction: Results of a prospective study","volume":"293","author":"Cignini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.5001","article-title":"Association of serum PAPP-A levels in first trimester with small for gestational age and adverse pregnancy outcomes: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Morris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.13275","article-title":"First-trimester uterine artery Doppler and adverse pregnancy outcome: A meta-analysis involving 55 974 women","volume":"43","author":"Velauthar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1660777","article-title":"Uterine Artery Doppler in Screening for Preeclampsia and Fetal Growth Restriction","volume":"40","author":"Pedroso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Ginecol. Obs."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2010.12.008","article-title":"Placental 3-D Power Doppler Angiography\u2014Regional Variation and Reliability of Two Ultrasonic Sphere Biopsy Techniques","volume":"37","author":"Jones","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/8\/10\/1651\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:25:05Z","timestamp":1760189105000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/8\/10\/1651"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm8101651"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm8101651","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]]}}}