{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T09:18:03Z","timestamp":1762161483808,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,19]],"date-time":"2019-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intraocular inflammation can hide a variety of eye pathologies. In 33% of cases, to obtain a correct diagnosis, investigation of the intraocular sample is necessary. The combined analyses of the intraocular biopsy, using immuno-pathology and molecular biology, point to resolve the diagnostic dilemmas in those cases where history, clinical tests, and ophthalmic and systemic examinations are inconclusive. In such situations, the teamwork between the ophthalmologist and the molecular pathologist is critically important to discriminate between autoimmune diseases, infections, and intraocular tumors, including lymphoma and metastases, especially in those clinical settings known as masquerade syndromes. This comprehensive review focuses on the diagnostic use of intraocular biopsy and highlights its potential to enhance research in the field. It describes the different surgical techniques of obtaining the biopsy, risks, and complication rates. The review is organized according to the anatomical site of the sample: I. anterior chamber containing aqueous humor, II. iris and ciliary body, III. vitreous, and IV. choroid and retina. We have excluded the literature concerning biopsy for choroidal melanoma and retinoblastoma, as this is a specialized area more relevant to ocular oncology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8101733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,21]],"date-time":"2019-10-21T03:40:29Z","timestamp":1571629229000},"page":"1733","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Intraocular Biopsy and ImmunoMolecular Pathology for \u201cUnmasking\u201d Intraocular Inflammatory Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Rodolfo","family":"Mastropasqua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Clinic, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Di Carlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomic Pathology and Immuno-Oncology Unit, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), Via L. Polacchi 11, 66100 Chieti, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Sorrentino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomic Pathology and Immuno-Oncology Unit, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), Via L. Polacchi 11, 66100 Chieti, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cesare","family":"Mariotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Clinic, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lyndon","family":"da Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vitreoretinal Department, Moorfields Eye Hospital, 162 City Rd, Old Street, London EC1V 2PD, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, EC1V 2PD, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 2PD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(02)01126-0","article-title":"Serial paracenteses in the management of acute elevations of intraocular pressure","volume":"109","author":"Carnahan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(95)30758-0","article-title":"Efficacy of Anterior Chamber Paracentesis and Carbogen in Treating Acute Nonarteritic Central Retinal Artery Occlusion","volume":"102","author":"Atebara","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.10.061","article-title":"Short-term Course of Intraocular Pressure after Intravitreal Injection of Triamcinolone Acetonide","volume":"113","author":"Benz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"247","article-title":"Infectious endophthalmitis: Review of 420 cases","volume":"7","author":"Bhoomibunchoo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. 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