{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T13:49:06Z","timestamp":1791899346678,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,23]],"date-time":"2019-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiorespiratory fitness has been postulated as an independent predictor of several chronic diseases. We aimed to estimate the effect of Pilates on improving cardiorespiratory fitness and to explore whether this effect could be modified by a participant\u2019s health condition or by baseline VO2 max levels. We searched databases from inception to September 2019. Data were pooled using a random effects model. The Cochrane risk of bias (RoB 2.0) tool and the Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies were performed. The primary outcome was cardiorespiratory fitness measured by VO2 max. The search identified 527 potential studies of which 10 studies were included in the systematic review and 9 in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis showed that Pilates increased VO2 max, with an effect size (ES) = 0.57 (95% CI: 0.15\u20131; I2 = 63.5%, p = 0.018) for the Pilates group vs. the control and ES = 0.51 (95% CI: 0.26\u20130.76; I2 = 67%, p = 0.002) for Pilates pre-post effect. The estimates of the pooled ES were similar in both sensitivity and subgroup analyses; however, random-effects meta-regressions based on baseline VO2 max were significant. Pilates improves cardiorespiratory fitness regardless of the population\u2019s health status. Therefore, it may be an efficacious alternative for both the healthy population and patients suffering from specific disorders to achieve evidenced-based results from cardiorespiratory and neuromotor exercises.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8111761","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,25]],"date-time":"2019-10-25T03:20:36Z","timestamp":1571973636000},"page":"1761","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Pilates Method Improves Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7584-7642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rub\u00e9n","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Movi-Fitness S.L, Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, 16002 Cuenca, Spain"},{"name":"Health and Social Care Center, Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, 16002 Cuenca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celia","family":"\u00c1lvarez-Bueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Social Care Center, Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, 16002 Cuenca, Spain"},{"name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica y Art\u00edstica del Paraguay, Asunci\u00f3n 001518, Paraguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5638-4718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asunci\u00f3n","family":"Ferri-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physiotherapy and Nursing, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8961-3169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana I.","family":"Torres-Costoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physiotherapy and Nursing, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"Cavero-Redondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Social Care Center, Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, 16002 Cuenca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6121-7893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicente","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Vizca\u00edno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Social Care Center, Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, 16002 Cuenca, Spain"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile, Talca 3460000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1989.03430170057028","article-title":"Physical Fitness and All-Cause Mortality","volume":"262","author":"Blair","year":"1989","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03540030039029","article-title":"The Influences of cardiovascular fitness and other precursers on cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in men and women. 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