{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T09:55:27Z","timestamp":1790416527447,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005012","name":"\u00d6sterreichische Agentur f\u00fcr Internationale Mobilit\u00e4t und Kooperation in Bildung, Wissenschaft und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005012","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: The aetiology of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is not particularly mapped; however, a complex interaction of various factors, such as genetic, environmental and intrauterine factors, can be assumed. Experimental animal studies and clinical observations support the hypothesis that developmental programming by excess intrauterine steroid is relevant. The aim of the study was to investigate whether mothers with and without PCOS exhibit different androgen and anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) levels at the end of pregnancy and how maternal hormone levels are reflected in their offspring. Methods: Between March 2013 and December 2015, we performed a prospective cross-sectional study at the Medical University of Graz. We included 79 women with PCOS according to the ESHRE\/ASRM 2003 definition and 354 women without PCOS, both with an ongoing pregnancy \u226537 + 0 weeks of gestation, who gave birth in our institution. Primary outcome parameters were the levels of maternal and neonatal androgens (testosterone, free testosterone, androstenedione) and AMH at delivery. Results: Androgen levels in female offspring of PCOS and non-PCOS women at birth did not differ, while maternal hormone levels differed significantly. Androgen levels in PCOS boys were significantly higher when compared to levels in PCOS girls. Discussion: Our findings do not support the hypothesis that maternal androgen excess contributes to elevated androgen concentrations in the female offspring. Nevertheless, the effects of the increased androgen concentrations in mothers on their offspring have to be investigated in future studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8111817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T12:30:50Z","timestamp":1572611450000},"page":"1817","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Androgen and Anti-Mullerian Hormone Concentrations at Term in Newborns and Their Mothers with and without Polycystic Ovary Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8528-4759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Kollmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Obstetrics and Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Obermayer-Pietsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Lerchbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uwe","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Obstetrics and Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5373-5866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sereina A.","family":"Herzog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (IMI), Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"},{"name":"Centre for Health Economics Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Prinsstraat 13 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Trummer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2415-2899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Scheuchenegger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescence Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7196-454X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Ulrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Obstetrics and Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7359-4853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Klaritsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Obstetrics and Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61345-2","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"370","author":"Norman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.09.024","article-title":"Consensus on women\u2019s health aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): The Amsterdam ESHRE\/ASRM-Sponsored 3rd PCOS Consensus Workshop Group","volume":"97","author":"Fauser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/8.3.231","article-title":"Long-term health consequences of PCOS","volume":"8","author":"Wild","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2396","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dev187","article-title":"Maternal and neonatal outcomes in pregnant women with PCOS: Comparison of different diagnostic definitions","volume":"30","author":"Kollmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"2434","article-title":"A prospective study of the prevalence of the polycystic ovary syndrome in unselected Caucasian women from Spain","volume":"85","author":"Calvo","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.06.035","article-title":"The Androgen Excess and PCOS Society criteria for the polycystic ovary syndrome: The complete task force report","volume":"91","author":"Azziz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Group REA-SPCW (2004). Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil. Steril., 81, 19\u201325.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2003.10.004"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1348895","article-title":"Racial and ethnic differences in physiology and clinical symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/det262","article-title":"Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in women in China: A large community-based study","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.19.2081","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of the polycystic ovary syndrome in overweight and obese women","volume":"166","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R11","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-14-0499","article-title":"Pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome: Multifactorial assessment from the foetal stage to menopause","volume":"150","author":"Dias","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(15)33704-2","article-title":"Hereditary factors in the Stein-Leventhal syndrome","volume":"100","author":"Cooper","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.04.040","article-title":"Genetic determinants of polycystic ovary syndrome: Progress and future directions","volume":"106","author":"Jones","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1585403","article-title":"Genome-Wide Association Studies for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acc.2015.06.001","article-title":"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome-Epigenetic Mechanisms and Aberrant MicroRNA","volume":"71","author":"Ilie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, N., Kwon, S., Abbott, D.H., Abbott, D.H., Geller, D.H., Dumesic, D.A., Azziz, R., Guo, X., and Goodarzi, M.O. (2011). Epigenetic mechanism underlying the development of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)-like phenotypes in prenatally androgenized rhesus monkeys. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027286"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.04.005","article-title":"Genome-wide screen of ovary-specific DNA methylation in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"104","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.10.020","article-title":"Epigenetics in polycystic ovary syndrome: A pilot study of global DNA methylation","volume":"94","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.05.011","article-title":"Environmental determinants of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"106","author":"Merkin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-4310(95)90793-9","article-title":"Intrauterine programming of adult disease","volume":"1","author":"Barker","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Today"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-007-9046-0","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome and its developmental origins","volume":"8","author":"Dumesic","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1371087","article-title":"Intrauterine environment and polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Dumesic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1740001","article-title":"Developmental origin of polycystic ovary syndrome\u2014A hypothesis","volume":"174","author":"Abbott","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmi013","article-title":"Androgen excess fetal programming of female reproduction: A developmental aetiology for polycystic ovary syndrome?","volume":"11","author":"Abbott","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2013.05.023","article-title":"Ontogeny of polycystic ovary syndrome and insulin resistance in utero and early childhood","volume":"100","author":"Abbott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deq162","article-title":"High prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in women born small for gestational age","volume":"25","author":"Melo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2012.04443.x","article-title":"Pervasive developmental disorders in children of hyperandrogenic women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A longitudinal case-control study","volume":"77","author":"Palomba","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2004.06.010","article-title":"Relationships between sex hormones assessed in amniotic fluid, and maternal and umbilical cord serum: What is the best source of information to investigate the effects of fetal hormonal exposure?","volume":"46","author":"Thijssen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.2307\/1128928","article-title":"Concentrations of sex hormones in umbilical-cord blood: Their relation to sex and birth order of infants","volume":"50","author":"Maccoby","year":"1979","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/19396368.2018.1537385","article-title":"Serum Anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone (AMH) in mothers with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and their term fetuses","volume":"65","author":"Detti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Syst. Biol. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.3109\/01443615.2010.485254","article-title":"Umbilical vein testosterone in female infants born to mothers with polycystic ovary syndrome is elevated to male levels","volume":"30","author":"Barry","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-15-0699","article-title":"Mass spectrometry methods measured androgen and estrogen concentrations during pregnancy and in newborns of mothers with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"174","author":"Caanen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2651","article-title":"Infants of women with polycystic ovary syndrome have lower cord blood androstenedione and estradiol levels","volume":"95","author":"Anderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2012.10.050","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome offspring display increased oxidative stress markers comparable to gestational diabetes offspring","volume":"99","author":"Boutzios","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3714","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0544","article-title":"The relationship between maternal and umbilical cord androgen levels and polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescence: A prospective cohort study","volume":"94","author":"Hickey","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2012.10.015","article-title":"Placental steroidogenesis in pregnant women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"166","author":"Maliqueo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3666","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.84.10.6079","article-title":"A critical evaluation of simple methods for the estimation of free testosterone in serum","volume":"84","author":"Vermeulen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"R Core Team (2017). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.01.013","article-title":"Nonhuman primate models of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"373","author":"Abbott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1071\/RD04092","article-title":"Early origins of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Dumesic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1159\/000134831","article-title":"Fetal programming of adrenal androgen excess: Lessons from a nonhuman primate model of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Abbott","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocr. Dev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.108.067702","article-title":"Endocrine antecedents of polycystic ovary syndrome in fetal and infant prenatally androgenized female rhesus monkeys","volume":"79","author":"Abbott","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20679","article-title":"Fetal, infant, adolescent and adult phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome in prenatally androgenized female rhesus monkeys","volume":"71","author":"Abbott","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(97)81873-0","article-title":"Prenatal exposure of female rhesus monkeys to testosterone propionate increases serum luteinizing hormone levels in adulthood","volume":"67","author":"Dumesic","year":"1997","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.10.002","article-title":"Improvement of hyperandrogenism and hyperinsulinemia during pregnancy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: Possible effect in the ovarian follicular mass of their daughters","volume":"97","author":"Crisosto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-40-5-816","article-title":"Fetal protection against masculinization with hyperreactio luteinalis and virilization","volume":"40","author":"Hensleigh","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.07.007","article-title":"Management of ovarian disease in pregnancy","volume":"25","author":"Phelan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1081\/ERC-120015041","article-title":"Aromatase in primate pregnancy: A review","volume":"28","author":"Kragie","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocr. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-7518com","article-title":"Disruption of androgen receptor signaling by synthetic progestins may increase risk of developing breast cancer","volume":"21","author":"Birrell","year":"2007","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"2668","article-title":"Progesterone antagonists increase androgen receptor expression in the rhesus macaque and human endometrium","volume":"86","author":"Slayden","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-128X(99)00018-5","article-title":"Androgenic and anti-androgenic effects of progesterone derivatives with different halogens as substituents at the C-6 position","volume":"64","author":"Cabeza","year":"1999","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.0940415","article-title":"Binding of androgens in 5 alpha-reductase-deficient human genital skin fibroblasts: Inhibition by progesterone and its metabolites","volume":"94","author":"Hodgins","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2014-1042","article-title":"Early embryonic androgen exposure induces transgenerational epigenetic and metabolic changes","volume":"28","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.07.1203","article-title":"Genome-wide identification of aberrantly methylated promoters in ovarian tissue of prenatally androgenized rats","volume":"102","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2014.00064","article-title":"Measurement of androgen and estrogen concentrations in cord blood: Accuracy, biological interpretation, and applications to understanding human behavioral development","volume":"5","author":"Hollier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2010-0001","article-title":"Development and function of the human fetal adrenal cortex: A key component in the feto-placental unit","volume":"32","author":"Ishimoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"115","article-title":"Steroid metabolome in the umbilical cord: Is it necessary to differentiate between arterial and venous blood?","volume":"63","author":"Hill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-11-1-124","article-title":"Placental steroid hormone biosynthesis in primate pregnancy","volume":"11","author":"Albrecht","year":"1990","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-13-1321","article-title":"The relationship between umbilical cord estrogens and perinatal characteristics","volume":"23","author":"Hickey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Prev. Biomark."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keelan, J.A., Mattes, E., Tan, H., Dinan, A., Newnham, J.P., Whitehouse, A.J., Jacoby, P., and Hickey, M. (2012). Androgen concentrations in umbilical cord blood and their association with maternal, fetal and obstetric factors. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042827"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01473.x","article-title":"Comparison of free testosterone results by analog radioimmunoassay and calculated free testosterone in an ambulatory clinical population","volume":"7","author":"Moreno","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sex. Med."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/8\/11\/1817\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:31:05Z","timestamp":1760189465000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/8\/11\/1817"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm8111817"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm8111817","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]]}}}