{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T05:14:34Z","timestamp":1778735674969,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,12]],"date-time":"2019-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Health&amp; Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["HI16C0483"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI16C0483"]}]},{"name":"Korea Sports Promotion Foundation","award":["n"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We investigated reference values for cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) for healthy Koreans and Koreans with coronary heart disease (CHD) and used them to identify inter-ethnic differences in CRF, differences over time in CRF, and differences in CRF between the healthy population and patients with CHD. The study population for healthy Koreans was derived from the database of KISS FitS (Korea Institute of Sports Science Fitness Standards) between 2014 and 2015. The study population for Koreans with CHD was derived from the database of the Korea University Guro Hospital Cardiac Rehabilitation Registry between June 2015 and December 2018. In healthy Koreans, there was a significant difference between sex and age groups for VO2 max. The VO2 max of healthy Koreans differed from that of Westerners in age-related reference values. Our results were not significantly different from those of the Korean population in the past, except for a small decline in the young population. There seemed to be a clear inter-ethnic difference in CRF. We could also identify signs of small change in CRF in younger age groups. Therefore, CRF should be assessed according to ethnic or national standards, and it will be necessary to establish a reference for each nation or ethnicity with periodic updates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8122191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,12]],"date-time":"2019-12-12T11:06:41Z","timestamp":1576148801000},"page":"2191","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Reference Values for Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Healthy Koreans"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1244-5691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Won Young","family":"Jang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Woohyeun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5187-8310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong Oh","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2571-7898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoonjee","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jieun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jah Yeon","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0854-9079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung-Young","family":"Roh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin Oh","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheol Ung","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seung-Woon","family":"Rha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chang Gyu","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3228-7988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong Seog","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soo Hyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Sport Science, Seoul 01794, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7229-5790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saejong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Sport Science, Seoul 01794, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2322-6267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eung Ju","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.681","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness as a quantitative predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in healthy men and women: A meta-analysis","volume":"301","author":"Kodama","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1989.03430170057028","article-title":"Physical fitness and all-cause mortality. 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