{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:22:15Z","timestamp":1790266935291,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,5]],"date-time":"2020-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Grant of the Academic Award from the JSSOG in 2018","award":["No number"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No number"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: There is currently no consensus on the morphology of severe fibrotic pulmonary sarcoidosis, and we examined computed tomography (CT) findings and progression. Methods: We analyzed findings in 10 consecutive patients (three men, seven women) with pulmonary sarcoidosis requiring oxygen therapy for chronic respiratory failure, who were extracted from &gt;2500 sarcoidosis patients (three hospitals, 2000\u20132018). Patients with comorbidities causing chronic respiratory failure were excluded. Results: Predominant findings were consolidations along the bronchovascular bundles comprising \u2018central-peripheral band\u2019, traction bronchiectasis, peripheral cysts\/bullae, and upper lobe shrinkage. Traction bronchiectasis arose from opacities comprising \u2018central-peripheral band\u2019. Clustering of traction bronchiectasis at the distal side formed honeycomb lung-like structures in three patients. Upper lobe shrinkage progressed in seven patients together with progression of consolidations, \u2018central-peripheral band\u2019, traction bronchiectasis clusters, and cysts, while patients without shrinkage included two patients with severe multiple cysts without traction bronchiectasis. Restrictive ventilatory impairment developed in most patients. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) was detected radiologically in five patients, and chronic progressive pulmonary aspergillosis (CPPA) in four patients. Conclusions: During progression, consolidations comprising \u2018central-peripheral band\u2019 progressed together with traction bronchiectasis clusters and peripheral cysts, resulting in upper lobe shrinkage. This may lead to respiratory failure with possible complications such as PH and CPPA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9010142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,6]],"date-time":"2020-01-06T03:48:48Z","timestamp":1578282528000},"page":"142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Computed Tomography Images of Fibrotic Pulmonary Sarcoidosis Leading to Chronic Respiratory Failure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9220-3419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michiru","family":"Sawahata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Johkoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Kansai Rosai Hospital, Amagasaki 660-8511, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Kawanobe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, JR Tokyo General Hospital, Shibuya 151-8528, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiyoko","family":"Kono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, JR Tokyo General Hospital, Shibuya 151-8528, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6654-1481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yosikazu","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masashi","family":"Bando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koichi","family":"Hagiwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6937-1991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamiko","family":"Takemura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Kanagawa Cardiovascular and Respiratory Center, Yokohama 236-0051, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fumikazu","family":"Sakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Hidaka 350-1298, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noriharu","family":"Shijubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, JR Sapporo Hospital, Sapporo 060-0033, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Konno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsuo","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shinjuku Tsurukame Clinic, Shibuya 151-0053, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201303-069FR","article-title":"Pulmonary fibrosis in sarcoidosis. 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