{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T18:14:18Z","timestamp":1774289658550,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,19]],"date-time":"2020-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Intramural Research Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Intramural Research Program"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Semmelweis University Dean's Research Award","award":["2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sarcoidosis is a devastating inflammatory disease affecting many organs, especially the lungs and lymph nodes. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) can \u201creprogram\u201d various types of macrophages towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype. We wanted to determine whether alveolar macrophages from sarcoidosis subjects behave similarly by mounting an anti-inflammatory response when co-cultured with MSCs. Fifteen sarcoidosis and eight control subjects underwent bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Unselected BAL cells (70\u201394% macrophages) were isolated and cultured with and without MSCs from healthy adults. Following stimulation of the cultured cells with lipopolysaccharide, the medium was removed to measure interleukin 10 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (IL-10 and TNF-\u03b1). In two additional sarcoidosis subjects, flow cytometry was used to study intracellular cytokines and surface markers associated with alveolar macrophages to confirm the results. Unselected BAL cells from sarcoidosis subjects co-cultured with MSCs showed a reduction in TNF-\u03b1 (pro-inflammatory M1) and an increase in IL-10 (anti-inflammatory M2) in 9 of 11 samples studied. Control subject samples showed few, if any, differences in cytokine production. Unselected BAL cells from two additional patients analyzed by flow cytometry confirmed a switch towards an anti-inflammatory state (i.e., M1 to M2) after co-culture with MSCs. These results suggest that, similarly to other macrophages, alveolar macrophages also respond to MSC contacts by changing towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Based on our results, we hypothesize that mesenchymal stromal cells applied to the airways might alleviate lung inflammation and decrease steroid need in patients with sarcoidosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9010278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]],"date-time":"2020-01-21T03:04:43Z","timestamp":1579575883000},"page":"278","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) Modulate the Inflammatory Character of Alveolar Macrophages from Sarcoidosis Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ian","family":"McClain Caldwell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Adult Stem Cell Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Hogden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adult Stem Cell Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krisztian","family":"Nemeth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adult Stem Cell Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"},{"name":"Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Dermato-oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1085, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Boyajian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adult Stem Cell Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miklos","family":"Krepuska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adult Stem Cell Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gergely","family":"Szombath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Dermato-oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1085, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"MacDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4217-0625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehrnoosh","family":"Abshari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Combined Technical Research Core, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Moss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lynn","family":"Vitale-Cross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adult Stem Cell Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph R","family":"Fontana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Mezey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adult Stem Cell Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2806","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.24166","article-title":"Functional heterogeneity of mesenchymal stem cells: Implications for cell therapy","volume":"113","author":"Phinney","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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