{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T22:31:28Z","timestamp":1792621888622,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]],"date-time":"2020-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R44CA171601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R44CA171601"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Intramural Research Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Intramural Research Program"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mammographic percent density (MPD) is an independent risk factor for developing breast cancer, but its inclusion in clinical risk models provides only modest improvements in individualized risk prediction, and MPD is not typically assessed in younger women because of ionizing radiation concerns. Previous studies have shown that tissue sound speed, derived from whole breast ultrasound tomography (UST), a non-ionizing modality, is a potential surrogate marker of breast density, but prior to this study, sound speed has not been directly linked to breast cancer risk. To that end, we explored the relation of sound speed and MPD with breast cancer risk in a case-control study, including 61 cases with recent breast cancer diagnoses and a comparison group of 165 women, frequency matched to cases on age, race, and menopausal status, and with a recent negative mammogram and no personal history of breast cancer. Multivariable odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for the relation of quartiles of MPD and sound speed with breast cancer risk adjusted for matching factors. Elevated MPD was associated with increased breast cancer risk, although the trend did not reach statistical significance (OR per quartile = 1.27, 95% CI: 0.95, 1.70; ptrend = 0.10). In contrast, elevated sound speed was significantly associated with breast cancer risk in a dose\u2013response fashion (OR per quartile = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.32, 2.54; ptrend = 0.0003). The OR trend for sound speed was statistically significantly different from that observed for MPD (p = 0.005). These findings suggest that whole breast sound speed may be more strongly associated with breast cancer risk than MPD and offer future opportunities for refining the magnitude and precision of risk associations in larger, population-based studies, including women younger than usual screening ages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9020367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]],"date-time":"2020-01-29T10:51:07Z","timestamp":1580295067000},"page":"367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Using Whole Breast Ultrasound Tomography to Improve Breast Cancer Risk Assessment: A Novel Risk Factor Based on the Quantitative Tissue Property of Sound Speed"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Neb","family":"Duric","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"},{"name":"Delphinus Medical Technologies, Novi, MI 48374, USA"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Sak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delphinus Medical Technologies, Novi, MI 48374, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoqi","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth M.","family":"Pfeiffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Littrup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"},{"name":"Delphinus Medical Technologies, Novi, MI 48374, USA"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David H.","family":"Gorski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haythem","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen S.","family":"Purrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel F.","family":"Brem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark E.","family":"Sherman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0165-5522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gretchen L.","family":"Gierach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.2217\/bmt.15.13","article-title":"Current and Future Methods for Measuring Breast Density: A Brief Comparative Review","volume":"4","author":"Sak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Manag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-019-0476-8","article-title":"A systematic review and quality assessment of individualised breast cancer risk prediction models","volume":"121","author":"Louro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. 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