{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T17:11:35Z","timestamp":1787764295562,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,9]],"date-time":"2020-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003621","name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2017M3A9E9087124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2017M3A9E9087124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Direct energy deposition (DED) technology has gained increasing attention as a new implant surface technology that replicates the porous structure of natural bones facilitating osteoblast colonization and bone ingrowth. However, concerns have arisen over osteolysis or chronic inflammation that could be caused by Cobalt-chrome (CoCr) alloy and Titanium (Ti) nanoparticles produced during the fabrication process. Here, we evaluated whether a DED Ti-coated on CoCr alloy could improve osteoblast colonization and osseointegration in vitro and in vivo without causing any significant side effects. Three types of implant CoCr surfaces (smooth, sand-blasted and DED Ti-coated) were tested and compared. Three cell proliferation markers and six inflammatory cytokine markers were measured using SaOS2 osteoblast cells. Subsequently, X-ray and bone histomorphometric analyses were performed after implantation into rabbit femur. There were no differences between the DED group and positive control in cytokine assays. However, in the 5-bromo-2\u2032-deoxyuridine (BrdU) assay the DED group exhibited even higher values than the positive control. For bone histomorphometry, DED was significantly superior within the 1000 \u00b5m bone area. The results suggest that DED Ti-coated metal printing does not affect the osteoblast viability or impair osseointegration in vitro and in vivo. Thus, this technology is biocompatible for coating the surfaces of cementless total knee arthroplasty (TKA) implants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9020478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]],"date-time":"2020-02-10T11:48:51Z","timestamp":1581335331000},"page":"478","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Osteo-Compatibility of 3D Titanium Porous Coating Applied by Direct Energy Deposition (DED) for a Cementless Total Knee Arthroplasty Implant: In Vitro and In Vivo Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2455-5230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong Jin","family":"Ryu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hun Yeong","family":"Ban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eui Yub","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Medical Center, Seoul 04564, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chung-Hee","family":"Sonn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Da Hee","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shakra","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9757-4849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bomi","family":"Gweon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3752-7079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dohyung","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6530-795X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joon Ho","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Medical Device Management and Research, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Napier, R.J., O\u2019Neill, C., O\u2019Brien, S., Doran, E., Mockford, B., Boldt, J., and Beverland, D.E. 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