{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T02:15:45Z","timestamp":1789092945523,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]],"date-time":"2020-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute myocarditis is associated with cardiac arrhythmia in 25% of cases; a third of these arrhythmias are ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF). The implantation of a cardiac defibrillator (ICD) following sustained ventricular arrhythmia remains controversial in these patients. We sought to assess the risk of major arrhythmic ventricular events (MAEs) over time in patients implanted with an ICD following sustained VT\/VF in the acute phase of myocarditis compared to those implanted for VT\/VF occurring on myocarditis sequelae. Our retrospective observational study included patients implanted with an ICD following VT\/VF during acute myocarditis or VT\/VF on myocarditis sequelae, from 2007 to 2017, in 15 French university hospitals. Over a median follow-up period of 3 years, MAE occurred in 11 (39%) patients of the acute myocarditis group and 24 (60%) patients of the myocarditis sequelae group. Kaplan\u2013Meier MAE rate estimates at one and three years of follow-up were 19% and 45% in the acute group, and 43% and 64% in the sequelae group. Patients who experienced sustained ventricular arrhythmias during acute myocarditis had a very high risk of VT\/VF recurrence during follow-up. These results show that the risk of MAE recurrence remains high after resolution of the acute episode.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9030848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]],"date-time":"2020-03-20T11:42:11Z","timestamp":1584704531000},"page":"848","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["High Risk of Sustained Ventricular Arrhythmia Recurrence After Acute Myocarditis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Laurent","family":"Rosier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Dijon Bourgogne University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Zouaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires Piti\u00e9 Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re, APHP, 75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentin","family":"Barr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, University Hospital, 35000 Rennes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rapha\u00ebl","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, University Hospital, 35000 Rennes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Probst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut du thorax, Service de Cardiologie and INSERM 1087, 44000 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7227-3428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eloi","family":"Marijon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, European Georges Pompidou Hospital and Paris Descartes University, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Sadoul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, University Hospital, 54511 Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Chauveau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, University Hospital Louis Pradel, 69500 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, University Hospital, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Badoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, University Hospital, 25030 Besan\u00e7on, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Peyrol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix-Marseille University, Assistance Publique\u2013H\u00f4pitaux de Marseille (APHM), Department of Cardiology, Nord Hospital, 13000 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00e9mie","family":"Barraud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix-Marseille University, Assistance Publique\u2013H\u00f4pitaux de Marseille (APHM), Department of Cardiology, Nord Hospital, 13000 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9547-0835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gr\u00e9goire","family":"Massoullie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France and Universit\u00e9 Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romain","family":"Eschalier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France and Universit\u00e9 Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeline","family":"Espinosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, University Hospital, 51100 Reims, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Lesaffre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, University Hospital, 51100 Reims, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigue","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHU Poitiers, Centre Cardiovasculaire, 86000 Poitiers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Degand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHU Poitiers, Centre Cardiovasculaire, 86000 Poitiers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"No\u00ebl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, University Hospital, 29200 Brest, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3051-2560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacques","family":"Mansourati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, University Hospital, 29200 Brest, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrice","family":"Extramiana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Bichat Claude Bernard Hospital, University Paris Diderot, 75018 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Algalarrondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Bichat Claude Bernard Hospital, University Paris Diderot, 75018 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herv\u00e9","family":"Devilliers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine 2 Department, Dijon Bourgogne University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yves","family":"Cottin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Dijon Bourgogne University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France"},{"name":"PEC 2, Univ. Bourgogne Franche\u2013Comt\u00e9, 21000 Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Estelle","family":"Gandjbakhch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires Piti\u00e9 Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re, APHP, 75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3554-7714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles","family":"Guenancia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Dijon Bourgogne University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France"},{"name":"PEC 2, Univ. Bourgogne Franche\u2013Comt\u00e9, 21000 Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2384","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.003092","article-title":"Long-term evolution and prognostic stratification of biopsy-proven active myocarditis","volume":"128","author":"Anzini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2018.11.024","article-title":"Arrhythmias in myocarditis: State of the art","volume":"16","author":"Peretto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv316","article-title":"2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: The Task Force for the Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). 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