{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T22:38:27Z","timestamp":1791412707352,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,24]],"date-time":"2020-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disease of which the etiology remains unknown. The diverse clinical manifestations may challenge clinicians, particularly when conventional markers are inconclusive. From various studies, it has become clear that fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)\/CT aids in sarcoidosis care. In this article, an update on FDG PET\/CT in sarcoidosis is provided. The use of FDG PET\/CT in the diagnostic process of sarcoidosis is explained, especially in determining treatable inflammatory lesions in symptomatic patients with indecisive conventional tests. Furthermore, FDG PET\/CT for evaluating the potential benefit of additional inflammatory treatment is described and its use in cardiac sarcoidosis is highlighted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9030890","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,24]],"date-time":"2020-03-24T13:04:04Z","timestamp":1585055044000},"page":"890","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["In Which Patients with Sarcoidosis Is FDG PET\/CT Indicated?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ruth G.M.","family":"Keijsers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, St Antonius Hospital, Koekoekslaan 1, 3435 CM Nieuwegein, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan C.","family":"Grutters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interstitial Lung Diseases Center of Excellence, Department of Pulmonology, St Antonius Hospital, Koekoekslaan 1, 3435 CM Nieuwegein, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Division of Heart &amp; Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1376866","article-title":"FDG PET for gauging of sarcoid disease activity","volume":"35","author":"Adams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcmd.2003.09.002","article-title":"Facilitative glucose transporter gene expression in human lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages: A role for GLUT isoforms 1, 3, and 5 in the immune response and foam cell formation","volume":"32","author":"Fu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood Cells. Mol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1551","article-title":"FDG uptake and glucose transporter subtype expressions in experimental tumor and inflammation models","volume":"42","author":"Mochizuki","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1647","article-title":"Uptake of fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose in sarcoidosis","volume":"35","author":"Lewis","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-1178","article-title":"Results of 188 whole-body fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scans in 137 patients with sarcoidosis","volume":"132","author":"Teirstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1160","article-title":"Fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose and carbon-11-methionine evaluation of lymphadenopathy in sarcoidosis","volume":"39","author":"Yamada","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2015.08.025","article-title":"F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-guided sampling of mediastinal lymph nodes in the diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis","volume":"116","author":"Simonen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-017-0321-0","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of 18F-FLT and 18F-FDG for detecting cardiac and extra-cardiac thoracic involvement in patients with newly diagnosed sarcoidosis","volume":"7","author":"Norikane","year":"2017","journal-title":"EJNMMI Res."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"66","article-title":"Imaging the inflammatory activity of sarcoidosis: Sensitivity and inter observer agreement of (67)Ga imaging and (18)F-FDG PET","volume":"55","author":"Keijsers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Q. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging Off. Publ. Ital. Assoc. Nucl. Med. Int. Assoc. Radiopharmacol. (IAR) Sect. Soc. Radiopha Truncated"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1571","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of 18F-FDG PET and 67Ga scintigraphy in patients with sarcoidosis","volume":"47","author":"Nishiyama","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.06-2160","article-title":"Diagnostic usefulness of fluorine-18-alpha-methyltyrosine positron emission tomography in combination with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose in sarcoidosis patients","volume":"131","author":"Kaira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3413\/nukmed-0085","article-title":"Comparison of 18F-FDG and 67Ga-citrate in sarcoidosis imaging","volume":"47","author":"Prager","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nuklearmedizin"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-008-0770-9","article-title":"18F-FDG PET\/CT in sarcoidosis management: Review and report of 20 cases","volume":"35","author":"Braun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-009-1097-x","article-title":"18F-FDG PET, genotype-corrected ACE and sIL-2R in newly diagnosed sarcoidosis","volume":"36","author":"Keijsers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-009-1376-6","article-title":"18F-FDG PET patterns and BAL cell profiles in pulmonary sarcoidosis","volume":"37","author":"Keijsers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e216","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-1827","article-title":"Dual-time point whole-body 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET\/CT imaging in undiagnosed mediastinal lymphadenopathy: A prospective study of 117 patients with sarcoidosis and TB","volume":"146","author":"Maturu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-2113.142092","article-title":"Utility of FDG-PET-CT scanning in assessing the extent of disease activity and response to treatment in sarcoidosis","volume":"31","author":"Guleria","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lung India"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.2007.B0410","article-title":"Experiences and benefits of positron emitted tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) combined with video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) in the diagnosis of Stage 1 sarcoidosis","volume":"8","author":"Luh","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2009.08.060","article-title":"Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) is useful in the diagnosis of neurosarcoidosis","volume":"287","author":"Bolat","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2012.02.013","article-title":"The value of [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography\/CT scanning in the diagnosis of neurosarcoidosis","volume":"19","author":"Meenakshi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/09273940801899798","article-title":"Use of whole-body FDG PET-CT to aid in the diagnosis of occult sarcoidosis","volume":"16","author":"Tannen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000000419","article-title":"Ocular sarcoidosis: Does (18)F-FDG PET\/CT have any role?","volume":"39","author":"Jung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2010.194514","article-title":"Intraocular sarcoidosis: Association of clinical characteristics of uveitis with findings from 18F-labelled fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography","volume":"96","author":"Rahmi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/09273940902788221","article-title":"Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for the diagnosis of sarcoidosis in patients with unexplained chronic uveitis","volume":"17","author":"Seve","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"624","article-title":"Consensus conference: Activity of sarcoidosis","volume":"7","author":"Costabel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/148.2.483","article-title":"Amounts of angiotensin-converting enzyme mRNA reflect the burden of granulomas in granulomatous lung disease","volume":"148","author":"Gilbert","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9120(87)80123-6","article-title":"Diagnostic aspects of angiotensin converting enzyme in pulmonary sarcoidosis","volume":"20","author":"Bunting","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.82.6.732","article-title":"Assessment of activity in sarcoidosis","volume":"82","author":"Klech","year":"1982","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1976.tb47062.x","article-title":"Elevation of angiotensin-converting enzyme in granulomatous lymph nodes and serum in sarcoidosis: Clinical and possible pathogenic significance","volume":"278","author":"Silverstein","year":"1976","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.36.8.938","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme and its clinical significance\u2014A review","volume":"36","author":"Studdy","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.156.1.9612011","article-title":"Polymorphism in the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene and sarcoidosis","volume":"156","author":"Tomita","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)61631-5","article-title":"Clinical value of ACE genotyping in diagnosis of sarcoidosis","volume":"349","author":"Sharma","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1159\/000194834","article-title":"Prognostic value of chest radiograph, serum-angiotensin-converting enzyme and T helper cell count in blood and in bronchoalveolar lavage of patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis","volume":"48","author":"Rust","year":"1985","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"65","article-title":"Prediction of therapeutic response in steroid-treated pulmonary sarcoidosis. Evaluation of clinical parameters, bronchoalveolar lavage, gallium-67 lung scanning, and serum angiotensin-converting enzyme levels","volume":"132","author":"Hollinger","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.102.4.1128","article-title":"Soluble interleukin 2 receptors in patients with sarcoidosis: Possible origin","volume":"102","author":"Ina","year":"1992","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1038\/325262a0","article-title":"Recombinant interleukin-2 directly augments the cytotoxicity of human monocytes","volume":"325","author":"Loveland","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.160.2.612","article-title":"Expression of Tac antigen on activated normal human B. cells","volume":"160","author":"Tsudo","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1373\/49.9.1510","article-title":"Potential usefulness of inflammatory markers to monitor respiratory functional impairment in sarcoidosis","volume":"49","author":"Mulder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2007.03.002","article-title":"Potential biomarkers for diagnosis of sarcoidosis using proteomics in serum","volume":"101","author":"Bons","year":"2007","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.124.1.186","article-title":"Serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor measurement in patients with sarcoidosis: A clinical evaluation","volume":"124","author":"Grutters","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2011.08.012","article-title":"Inflammatory activity assessment by F18 FDG-PET\/CT in persistent symptomatic sarcoidosis","volume":"105","author":"Mostard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.112.104380","article-title":"The utility of 18F-FDG PET\/CT for diagnosis and adjustment of therapy in patients with active chronic sarcoidosis","volume":"53","author":"Grozdic","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2012.11.011","article-title":"Severity of pulmonary involvement and 18F-FDG PET activity in sarcoidosis","volume":"107","author":"Mostard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-009-5270-8","article-title":"18F-FDG PET successfully detects spinal cord sarcoidosis","volume":"256","author":"Ota","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0b013e3182335f9b","article-title":"F-18 FDG PET\/CT for detecting bone and bone marrow involvement in sarcoidosis patients","volume":"37","author":"Mostard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2017.02.004","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of patients with bone sarcoidosis","volume":"47","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"143","article-title":"Detection of sarcoidosis associated fasciitis by uptake on a FDG PET scan: A novel finding","volume":"30","author":"Kalkanis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc. Diffuse Lung Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"S94","article-title":"Refractory polymyalgia rheumatica as presenting manifestation of large-vessel vasculitis associated to sarcoidosis. Successful response to adalimumab","volume":"30","author":"Bejerano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"143","article-title":"18F-FDG PET in sarcoidosis: An observational study in 12 patients treated with infliximab","volume":"25","author":"Keijsers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc. Diffuse Lung Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"19","article-title":"Non-infectious aortitis: A report of 32 cases from a single tertiary centre in a 4-year period and literature review","volume":"33","author":"Loricera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. Dec."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-009-0989-1","article-title":"The many faces of sarcoidosis: Asymptomatic muscle mass mimicking giant-cell tumor","volume":"29","author":"Kolilekas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2013.28.9.1399","article-title":"Muscular sarcoidosis detected by F-18 FDG PET\/CT in a hypercalcemic patient","volume":"28","author":"Han","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0b013e3182708644","article-title":"18F-FDG PET\/CT imaging of extensive systemic sarcoidosis with epididymal involvement","volume":"38","author":"Aga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0b013e31818bf2f5","article-title":"Laryngeal sarcoidosis detected by FDG positron emission tomography","volume":"33","author":"Kaira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28","DOI":"10.4158\/EP13240.CR","article-title":"Splenic sarcoidosis without focal nodularity: A case of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D-mediated hypercalcemia localized with FDG PET\/CT","volume":"20","author":"Dennis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"51","article-title":"The anemia of sarcoidosis","volume":"5","author":"Lower","year":"1988","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1159\/000204901","article-title":"Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose with positron emission tomography revealed bone marrow involvement in sarcoidosis patients with anaemia","volume":"79","author":"Kerrou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30064-X","article-title":"Pulmonary sarcoidosis","volume":"6","author":"Spagnolo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00199-X","article-title":"New treatment strategies for pulmonary sarcoidosis: Antimetabolites, biological drugs, and other treatment approaches","volume":"3","author":"Baughman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet. Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-007-0529-8","article-title":"Extensive FDG uptake and its modification with corticosteroid in a granuloma rat model: An experimental study for differentiating granuloma from tumors","volume":"34","author":"Zhao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-008-0191-y","article-title":"Early 2\u2032-deoxy-2\u2032-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose PET metabolic response after corticosteroid therapy to differentiate cancer from sarcoidosis and sarcoid-like lesions","volume":"11","author":"Aide","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Imaging Biol."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"123","article-title":"18F-FDG PET as a predictor of pulmonary function in sarcoidosis","volume":"28","author":"Keijsers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc. Diffuse Lung Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00227014","article-title":"Effectiveness of infliximab in refractory FDG PET-positive sarcoidosis","volume":"46","author":"Vorselaars","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2018.02.009","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of infliximab biosimilar Inflectra\u00ae in severe sarcoidosis","volume":"138","author":"Schimmelpennink","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-017-9994-4","article-title":"Repository corticotropin for chronic pulmonary sarcoidosis","volume":"195","author":"Baughman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.111.090662","article-title":"The use of 18F-FDG PET in the diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis: A systematic review and metaanalysis including the Ontario experience","volume":"53","author":"Youssef","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Christopoulos, G., Jouni, H., Acharya, G.A., Blauwet, L.A., Kapa, S., Bois, J., Chareonthaitawee, P., and Rodriguez-Porcel, M.G. (2019). Suppressing physiologic 18-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in patients undergoing positron emission tomography for cardiac sarcoidosis: The effect of a structured patient preparation protocol. J. Nucl. Cardiol., 1\u201311."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-017-1043-4","article-title":"A joint procedural position statement on imaging in cardiac sarcoidosis: From the cardiovascular and inflammation & infection committees of the European association of nuclear medicine, the European association of cardiovascular imaging, and the American","volume":"25","author":"Slart","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.115.166884","article-title":"Additional heparin preadministration improves cardiac glucose metabolism suppression over low-carbohydrate diet alone in 18F-FDG PET imaging","volume":"57","author":"Scholtens","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2864","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-11-709873","article-title":"Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"129","author":"Arepally","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.09.022","article-title":"Cardiac positron emission tomography enhances prognostic assessments of patients with suspected cardiac sarcoidosis","volume":"63","author":"Blankstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-013-9828-6","article-title":"Reduction in 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake on serial cardiac positron emission tomography is associated with improved left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis","volume":"21","author":"Osborne","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2017.04.020","article-title":"Prognostic impact of extent, severity, and heterogeneity of abnormalities on 18F-FDG PET scans for suspected cardiac sarcoidosis","volume":"11","author":"Sperry","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/9\/3\/890\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:11:10Z","timestamp":1760173870000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/9\/3\/890"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,24]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm9030890"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm9030890","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,24]]}}}