{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:34:46Z","timestamp":1790786086624,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,28]],"date-time":"2020-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aim: Evidence on non-ischemic cardiogenic shock (CS) is scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate differences in patient characteristics, use of treatments and outcomes in patients with non-ischemic vs. ischemic CS. Methods: Patients with CS admitted between October 2009 and October 2017 were identified and stratified as non-ischemic\/ischemic CS based on the absence\/presence of acute myocardial infarction. Logistic\/Cox regression models were fitted to investigate the association between non-ischemic CS and patient characteristics, use of treatments and 30-day in-hospital mortality. Results: A total of 978 patients were enrolled in this study; median age was 70 (interquartile range 58, 79) years and 70% were male. Of these, 505 patients (52%) had non-ischemic CS. Patients with non-ischemic CS were more likely to be younger and female; were less likely to be active smokers, to have diabetes or decreased renal function, but more likely to have a history of myocardial infarction; and they were more likely to present with unfavorable hemodynamics and with mechanical ventilation. Regarding treatments, patients with non-ischemic CS were more likely to be treated with catecholamines, but less likely to be treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or percutaneous left-ventricular assist devices. After adjustment for multiple relevant confounders, non-ischemic CS was associated with a significant increase in the risk of 30-day in-hospital mortality (hazard ratio 1.14, 95% confidence interval 1.04\u20131.24, p &lt; 0.01). Conclusion: In this large study, non-ischemic CS accounted for more than 50% of all CS cases. Non-ischemic CS was not only associated with relevant differences in patient characteristics and use of treatments, but also with a worse prognosis. These findings highlight the need for effective treatment strategies for patients with non-ischemic CS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9040931","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,2]],"date-time":"2020-04-02T13:39:34Z","timestamp":1585834774000},"page":"931","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Patient Characteristics, Treatment and Outcome in Non-Ischemic vs. Ischemic Cardiogenic Shock"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Benedikt","family":"Schrage","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Centre Hamburg, 20251 Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg\/L\u00fcbeck\/Kiel, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Weimann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Centre Hamburg, 20251 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0414-0743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salim","family":"Dabboura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg\/L\u00fcbeck\/Kiel, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabell","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Centre Hamburg, 20251 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafel","family":"Hilal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Centre Hamburg, 20251 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter Moritz","family":"Becher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Centre Hamburg, 20251 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moritz","family":"Seiffert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Centre Hamburg, 20251 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander M.","family":"Bernhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart and Vascular Centre Hamburg, 20251 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Kluge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hermann","family":"Reichenspurner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart and Vascular Centre Hamburg, 20251 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Blankenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Centre Hamburg, 20251 Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg\/L\u00fcbeck\/Kiel, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Westermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Centre Hamburg, 20251 Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg\/L\u00fcbeck\/Kiel, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1097\/MCC.0000000000000629","article-title":"Mechanical circulatory support devices in cardiogenic shock and acute heart failure: Current evidence","volume":"25","author":"Schrage","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. 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