{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:48:06Z","timestamp":1760237286574,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]],"date-time":"2020-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives. The aim of this study is to provide information about prevalence, etiology, risk factors, clinical characteristics and endoscopic features of various types of infectious esophagitis in children. Methods. We performed a total of 520 upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopies in Pediatric Clinic II, Emergency Hospital for Children, Cluj-Napoca. Indications for endoscopy in our cohort were gastrointestinal tract symptoms such as dysphagia, heartburn, or appetite loss. Results. The prevalence of infectious esophagitis in the study population was 2.11% (11 patients). Candida albicans (C. albicans) was the most frequent cause. Our data illustrates that herpes simplex virus (HSV)-induced esophagitis is common in immunocompromised patients and should be systematically suspected in cases of severe dysphagia, heartburn, or hematemesis. In the present study, all cytomegalovirus (CMV) esophagitis patients were immunocompromised. Immunodeficiency (81.8%) and prolonged antibiotic therapy with broad-spectrum antibiotics were by far the most important risk factors involved in the pathogenicity of the disease. Dysphagia, appetite loss, heartburn, epigastralgia, and hematemesis were the main clinical manifestations. Infectious esophagitis was associated with significant mortality. In four patients, endoscopy during life showed signs of infectious esophagitis; however, the precise etiology was only established post-mortem, in the pathological anatomy laboratory department. A risk factor involved in pathogenesis of post-mortem diagnosed infectious esophagitis is the DiGeorge syndrome for CMV and HSV patients. Conclusions. The study illustrates that infectious esophagitis should be considered in immunocompromised infants with prolonged antibiotic therapy with broad-spectrum antibiotics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9040939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,2]],"date-time":"2020-04-02T13:39:34Z","timestamp":1585834774000},"page":"939","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Infectious Esophagitis in Romanian Children: From Etiology and Risk Factors to Clinical Characteristics and Endoscopic Features"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"M\u0103d\u0103lina Adriana","family":"Bordea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, IuliuHatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400151 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics II, IuliuHatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400151 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandru","family":"P\u00eervan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics II, IuliuHatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400151 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0755-2882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan","family":"Gheban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, IuliuHatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400151 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ciprian","family":"Silaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, IuliuHatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400151 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iulia","family":"Lupan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Babes Bolyai University, 400151 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7645-0716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Sama\u0219ca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, IuliuHatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400151 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lia","family":"Pepelea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, IuliuHatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400151 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lia Monica","family":"Junie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, IuliuHatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400151 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Costache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, IuliuHatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400151 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200008000-00011","article-title":"Esophageal candidiasis in pediatric: Clinical manifestations and risk factors","volume":"19","author":"Chiou","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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