{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T02:20:32Z","timestamp":1789611632826,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":197,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]],"date-time":"2020-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mastitis frequently affects women of childbearing age. Of all the pathological breast conditions requiring specific management, autoimmune mastitis is in the third position after infection and breast cancer. The aim of this literature review was to make a comprehensive description of autoimmune diseases targeting the mammary gland. Four main histological patterns of autoimmune mastitis are described: (i) lymphocytic infiltrates; (ii) ductal ectasia; (iii) granulomatous mastitis; and (iv) vasculitis. Our literature search found that all types of autoimmune disease may target the mammary gland: organ-specific diseases (diabetes, thyroiditis); connective tissue diseases (such as systemic erythematosus lupus or Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome); vasculitides (granulomatosis with polyangiitis, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, giant cell arteritis, polyarteritis nodosa, Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease); granulomatous diseases (sarcoidosis, Crohn\u2019s disease); and IgG4-related disease. Cases of breast-specific autoimmune diseases have also been reported, including idiopathic granulomatous mastitis. These breast-limited inflammatory diseases are sometimes the first symptom of a systemic autoimmune disease. Although autoimmune mastitis is rare, it is probably underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed. Early diagnosis may allow us to detect systemic diseases at an earlier stage, which could help to initiate a prompt, appropriate therapeutic strategy. In case of suspected autoimmune mastitis, we hereby propose a diagnostic pathway and discuss the potential pathophysiological pathways leading to autoimmune breast damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9040958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,2]],"date-time":"2020-04-02T13:39:34Z","timestamp":1585834774000},"page":"958","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Mastitis in Autoimmune Diseases: Review of the Literature, Diagnostic Pathway, and Pathophysiological Key Players"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Radjiv","family":"Goulabchand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"St Eloi Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine and Multi-Organic Diseases, Local Referral Center for Systemic and Autoimmune Diseases, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, F-34295 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Caremeau University Hospital, 30029 Nimes, France"},{"name":"Montpellier School of Medicine, University of Montpellier, 34967 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Inserm U1183, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, St Eloi Hospital, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Assia","family":"Hafidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Montpellier School of Medicine, University of Montpellier, 34967 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Gui de Chauliac Hospital, Pathology Department, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Van de Perre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, EFS, Montpellier University Hospital, 34394 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Millet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Montpellier School of Medicine, University of Montpellier, 34967 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Lapeyronie Hospital, Montpellier University, Medical Imaging Department, 371 Avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34295 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0868-5804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre Thibault Jacques","family":"Maria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St Eloi Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine and Multi-Organic Diseases, Local Referral Center for Systemic and Autoimmune Diseases, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, F-34295 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Montpellier School of Medicine, University of Montpellier, 34967 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Inserm U1183, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, St Eloi Hospital, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7545-6385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacques","family":"Morel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Montpellier School of Medicine, University of Montpellier, 34967 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, CHU and University of Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Le Quellec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St Eloi Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine and Multi-Organic Diseases, Local Referral Center for Systemic and Autoimmune Diseases, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, F-34295 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Montpellier School of Medicine, University of Montpellier, 34967 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Perrochia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Montpellier School of Medicine, University of Montpellier, 34967 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Gui de Chauliac Hospital, Pathology Department, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Guilpain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St Eloi Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine and Multi-Organic Diseases, Local Referral Center for Systemic and Autoimmune Diseases, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, F-34295 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Montpellier School of Medicine, University of Montpellier, 34967 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Inserm U1183, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, St Eloi Hospital, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2012.09.003","article-title":"Lupus mastitis: A review","volume":"17","author":"Rosa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. 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