{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T07:15:39Z","timestamp":1789456539890,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,5]],"date-time":"2020-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cha Meditech Co., Ltd.","award":["CMDHA0101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMDHA0101"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although several types of penile augmentation (PA) fillers have been recently introduced, no long-term follow-up studies have compared them. This study aimed to compare the long-term clinical outcomes of hyaluronic acid (HA) and polylactic acid (PLA) filler injections for PA. Our multicenter, patient-blinded\/evaluator-blinded, randomized comparative trial was performed for 18 months after the single injection of fillers. Sixty-seven healthy men reporting a small penis were administered an injection between November 2016 and May 2017. Subjects were divided into the HA group (n = 33) and PLA group (n = 34). At 18 months, the mean penile girths had significantly increased in both groups (each p &lt; 0.001). Changes in the mean penile girth of both groups were not significantly different during the study period. Satisfaction levels at 18 months were significantly higher than those at baseline in both groups (each p &lt; 0.01). Changes in satisfaction levels did not differ significantly during the study period. Injection-associated adverse events (AEs) occurred in three (9.1%) patients in the HA group and in two (5.9%) patients in the PLA group; no serious AEs occurred. In conclusion, HA and PLA filler injections for PA led to significant augmentation and increased satisfaction. Clinical efficacy and safety were comparable between groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9041024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]],"date-time":"2020-04-07T03:58:39Z","timestamp":1586231919000},"page":"1024","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Comparison of Clinical Outcomes between Hyaluronic and Polylactic Acid Filler Injections for Penile Augmentation in Men Reporting a Small Penis: A Multicenter, Patient-Blinded\/Evaluator-Blinded, Non-Inferiority, Randomized Comparative Trial with 18 Months of Follow-up"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Dae Yul","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Hallym Unversity, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul 05355, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun Cheol","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Hallym Unversity, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul 05355, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyungtae","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Hallym Unversity, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul 05355, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seong Ho","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Hallym Unversity, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong 18450, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Goo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Hallym Unversity, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul 07441, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Won Ki","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Hallym Unversity, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon 24253, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2019, October 25). American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery: Cosmetic (Aesthetic) Surgery National Data Bank Statistics. Available online: https:\/\/www.surgry.org."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.3109\/14764170903341731","article-title":"Breakthroughs in US dermal fillers for facial soft-tissue augmentation","volume":"11","author":"Goldberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Laser. Ther."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2019, October 25). American Society of Plastic Surgeons: 2018 American Society of Plastic Surgeons Statistics Report. Available online: https:\/\/www.plasticsurgery.org."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1002\/sm2.63","article-title":"Sexual functioning and behavior of men with body dysmorphic disorder concerning penis size compared with men anxious about penis size and with controls: A cohort study","volume":"3","author":"Veale","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sex. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1037\/1524-9220.7.3.129","article-title":"Does size matter? Men\u2019s and women\u2019s views on penis size across the lifespan","volume":"7","author":"Lever","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol. Men. Masculinity"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1097\/MOU.0b013e3283318f31","article-title":"The status of penile enhancement procedures","volume":"19","author":"Vardi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Urol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2019.01.310","article-title":"A Comparison of the efficacy and safety between hyaluronic acid and polylactic acid filler injection in penile augmentation: A multicenter, patient\/evaluator-blinded, randomized trial","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sex. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, N.C., Kim, S.W., and Moon, D.G. (2016). Classification of Soft Tissue Filler. Penile Augmentation, Springer. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-46753-4"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsc.2015.07.004","article-title":"Injectable filler techniques for facial rejuvenation, volumization, and augmentation","volume":"23","author":"Bass","year":"2015","journal-title":"Facial Plast. Surg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3407","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2010.01748.x","article-title":"The effects of penile girth enhancement using injectable hyaluronic acid gel, a filler","volume":"8","author":"Kwak","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sex. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/ijir.2017.10","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of a newly developed polylactic acid microsphere as an injectable bulking agent for penile augmentation: 18-months follow-up","volume":"29","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Impot. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.2015.33.3.202","article-title":"Long-term safety and longevity of a mixture of polymethyl methacrylate and cross-linked dextran (Lipen-10\u00ae) after penile augmentation: Extension study from six to 18 months of follow-up","volume":"33","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Men\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.4103\/aja.aja_1_17","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of newly developed cross-linked dextran gel injection for glans penis augmentation with a novel technique","volume":"20","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2019.01.004","article-title":"Systematic review of surgical and nonsurgical interventions in normal men complaining of small penis size","volume":"8","author":"Marra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sex. Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2019.10.006","article-title":"A Comparison between hyaluronic acid and polylactic acid filler injections for temporary penile augmentation in patients with small penis syndrome: A multicenter, patient\/evaluator-blind, comparative, randomized trial","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sex. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.4274\/Jcrpe.1135","article-title":"Micropenis: Etiology, diagnosis and treatment approaches","volume":"5","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Res. Pediatr. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, N.C., Kim, S.W., and Moon, D.G. (2016). Psychosocial perspectives on penile size. Penile Augmentation, Springer. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-46753-4"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2018.11.003","article-title":"Penile girth enlargement strategies: what\u2019s the evidence?","volume":"7","author":"Hehemann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sex. Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1597685","article-title":"Hyaluronic Acid Fillers in Soft Tissue Regeneration","volume":"33","author":"Fallacara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Facial Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2007.00463.x","article-title":"Structured management and counseling for patients with a complaint of a small penis","volume":"4","author":"Ghanem","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Sex. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.170056","article-title":"Penile reconstructive surgery in peyronie disease: Challenges in restoring normal penis size, shape, and function","volume":"38","author":"Chung","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Men\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.4111\/icu.2019.60.2.133","article-title":"Penile skin preservation technique for reconstruction surgery of penile paraffinoma","volume":"60","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investig. Clin. Urol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/9\/4\/1024\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:15:41Z","timestamp":1760174141000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/9\/4\/1024"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,5]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm9041024"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm9041024","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,5]]}}}