{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T23:33:07Z","timestamp":1793316787119,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":201,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]],"date-time":"2020-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2019R1G1A1008566"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2019R1G1A1008566"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"13th Five-Year National Major Science and Technology Project on Discovery of New Drugs: Construction of Technology Platform for Clinical Evaluation on Anti-HIV Drugs","award":["2017ZX09304027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017ZX09304027"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease with nonspecific clinical manifestations that commonly affects the pulmonary system and other organs including the eyes, skin, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. Sarcoidosis usually presents with persistent dry cough, eye and skin manifestations, weight loss, fatigue, night sweats, and erythema nodosum. Sarcoidosis is not influenced by sex or age, although it is more common in adults (&lt; 50 years) of African-American or Scandinavians decent. Diagnosis can be difficult because of nonspecific symptoms and can only be verified following histopathological examination. Various factors, including infection, genetic predisposition, and environmental factors, are involved in the pathology of sarcoidosis. Exposures to insecticides, herbicides, bioaerosols, and agricultural employment are also associated with an increased risk for sarcoidosis. Due to its unknown etiology, early diagnosis and detection are difficult; however, the advent of advanced technologies, such as endobronchial ultrasound-guided biopsy, high-resolution computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography has improved our ability to reliably diagnose this condition and accurately forecast its prognosis. This review discusses the causes and clinical features of sarcoidosis, and the improvements made in its prognosis, therapeutic management, and the recent discovery of potential biomarkers associated with the diagnostic assay used for sarcoidosis confirmation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9041081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,14]],"date-time":"2020-04-14T03:10:01Z","timestamp":1586833801000},"page":"1081","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":158,"title":["Sarcoidosis: Causes, Diagnosis, Clinical Features, and Treatments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5406-8196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rashi","family":"Jain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, AIIMS, New Delhi 110029, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4047-7236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dhananjay","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3306-058X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nidhi","family":"Puranik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Science, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu-641046, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randeep","family":"Guleria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, AIIMS, New Delhi 110029, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4216-8111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun-O","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Korea"},{"name":"Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center &amp; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"42","article-title":"Anomalous disease of the skin of the fingers: Case of livid papillary psoriasis","volume":"1","author":"Hutchinson","year":"1877","journal-title":"Illus. 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