{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T23:24:34Z","timestamp":1768433074821,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]],"date-time":"2020-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects the central nervous system. The cause of MS is still unknown, and the role of innate immunity is still poorly understood. Objective: The goal of this study was to understand whether, compared to healthy controls, the elements of innate immunity are altered in the blood of MS patients in the remitting phase. Methods: A total of 77 na\u00efve MS patients and 50 healthy controls were included in this cohort study. Peripheral blood samples were collected and analyzed. All the calculations were performed with the statistical system R (r-project.org). Results: The results showed that MS patients had significantly lower relative representations of granulocytes than healthy controls, while the relative representations of monocytes remained unchanged. CD64- and PD-L1-positive granulocytes exhibited a nonsignificant decreasing trend, while granulocytes with other membrane markers remained noticeably unchanged. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that studies of the causes of MS and its treatment should also be focused on the elements of the innate immune response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9051468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]],"date-time":"2020-05-14T10:27:19Z","timestamp":1589452039000},"page":"1468","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Innate Immune System and Multiple Sclerosis. Granulocyte Numbers Are Reduced in Patients Affected by Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis during the Remission Phase"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1772-8781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zby\u0161ek","family":"Pavelek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Charles University in Prague, Sokolsk\u00e1 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Angelucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Charles University in Prague, Sokolsk\u00e1 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Memory Clinic, Department of Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V \u00davalu 84, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3137-4200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ond\u0159ej","family":"Sou\u010dek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Sokolsk\u00e1 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Krejsek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Sokolsk\u00e1 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8071-2005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luk\u00e1\u0161","family":"Sob\u00ed\u0161ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Charles University in Prague, Sokolsk\u00e1 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8000-9766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blanka","family":"Kl\u00edmov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Charles University in Prague, Sokolsk\u00e1 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"\u0160arl\u00e1kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Charles University in Prague, Sokolsk\u00e1 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Hal\u00faskov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Charles University in Prague, Sokolsk\u00e1 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9664-1109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamil","family":"Ku\u010da","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Rokitansk\u00e9ho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolsk\u00e1 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Vali\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Charles University in Prague, Sokolsk\u00e1 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-32-9636-7_14","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"1190","author":"Yamasaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. 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