{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T04:34:42Z","timestamp":1781670882958,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]],"date-time":"2020-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The treatment for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is surgery, including pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) and scleral buckling (SB). Despite surgical advances, degeneration of the photoreceptors and post-operative complications, such as proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), often occurs as the result of inflammation, preventing complete visual recovery or causing RRD recurrence. There is increasing evidence that in the presence of RRD, the activation of inflammatory processes occurs and the surgery itself induces an inflammatory response. This comprehensive review focuses on the use of different formulations of corticosteroids (CCS), as an adjunctive treatment to surgery, either PPV or SB, for RRD repair. The purpose was to review the efficacy and safety of CCS in improving functional and anatomical outcomes and in preventing postoperative complications. This review is organized according to the timing of CCS administration: preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative. The evidence reviewed supported the role of the pre-operative use of CCS in the treatment of combined RRD and choroidal detachment (CD), reducing CD height. No solid consensus exists on intraoperative and postoperative use of CCS to treat and prevent postoperative complications. However, a large randomized clinical trial including more than 200 eyes suggested that oral prednisone after surgery decreases the rate of postoperative grade B PVR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9051556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]],"date-time":"2020-05-21T11:31:18Z","timestamp":1590060678000},"page":"1556","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Preoperative, Intraoperative and Postoperative Corticosteroid Use as an Adjunctive Treatment for Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Vincenza","family":"Bonfiglio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Ophthalmology Section, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1368-6729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Reibaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, Eye Clinic Section, University of Turin, 10122 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iacopo","family":"Macchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Fallico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corrado","family":"Pizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Patane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Ophthalmology Section, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7725-5971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9525-1800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Longo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Pizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Cillino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Ophthalmology Section, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5721-6772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Cillino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Ophthalmology Section, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Vadal\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Ophthalmology Section, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Rinaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Rejdak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Ophthalmology, Medical University of Lublin, 20079 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Nowomiejska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Ophthalmology, Medical University of Lublin, 20079 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7152-2613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario Damiano","family":"Toro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Ophthalmology, Medical University of Lublin, 20079 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, Collegium Medicum Cardinal Stefan Wyszy\u0144ski University, 01815 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresio","family":"Avitabile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elina","family":"Ortisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"660","article-title":"Advances in the treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment","volume":"12","author":"Liao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2007.10.007","article-title":"Recent trends in the management of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment","volume":"53","author":"Sodhi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.01.013","article-title":"Intraocular concentrations of cytokines and chemokines in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and the effect of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide","volume":"155","author":"Kunikata","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1159\/000438972","article-title":"Retinal detachment and proliferative vitreoretinopathy","volume":"55","author":"Kwon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Josifovska, N., Lumi, X., Szatmari-T\u00f3th, M., Krist\u00f3f, E., Russell, G., Nagymih\u00e1ly, R., and Anisimova, N. (2019). Clinical and molecular markers in retinal detachment from hyperreflective points to stem cells and inflammation. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217548"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"664","article-title":"Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment complicated by severe intraocular inflammation, hypotony, and choroidal detachment","volume":"79","author":"Jarrett","year":"1981","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-015-0168-1","article-title":"Comparative effect of topical diclofenac and topical dexamethasone on anterior chamber flare and postoperative pain following rhegmatogenous retinal detachment surgery","volume":"36","author":"Ben","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1042\/bst0230940","article-title":"Anti inflammatory mechanism of glucorticoids","volume":"23","author":"Barnes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1393","article-title":"Steroids as an adjunct for reducing the incidence of proliferative vitreoretinopathy after rhegmatogenous retinal detachment surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1994.01090130127029","article-title":"Localization and quantitation of blood-retinal barrier breakdown in experimental proliferative vitreoretinopathy","volume":"112","author":"Ando","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-010-1319-8","article-title":"The effect of a preoperative subconjunctival injection of dexamethasone on blood- retinal barrier breakdown following scleral buckling retinal detachment surgery: A prospective randomized placebo-controlled double blind clinical trial","volume":"248","author":"Bali","year":"2010","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(00)00344-4","article-title":"Dexamethasone concentration in the subretinal fluid after a subconjunctival injection, a peribulbar Injection or an oral dose","volume":"107","author":"Weijtens","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)70131-X","article-title":"Peribulbar corticosteroid injection:vitreal and serum concentrations after dexamethasone disodium phosphate injection","volume":"123","author":"Weijtens","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(98)00003-8","article-title":"Dexamethasone concentration in vitreous and serum after oral administration","volume":"125","author":"Weijtens","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(99)00129-4","article-title":"High concentration of dexamethasone in aqueous and vitreous after subconjunctival injection","volume":"128","author":"Weijtens","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.03.033","article-title":"Intraocular and systemic pharmacokinetics of triamcinolone acetonide after a single 40-mg posterior subtenon application","volume":"117","author":"Shen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.10.021","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic Study of Vitreous and Serum Concentrations of Triamcinolone Acetonide after Posterior Sub-Tenon\u2019s Injection","volume":"53","author":"Kovacs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2004.05.028","article-title":"Vitreous concentrations of triamcinolone acetonide in human eyes after intravitreal or subtenon injection","volume":"138","author":"Inoue","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.092163","article-title":"Dose-related patterns of glucocorticoid-induced side effects","volume":"68","author":"Huscher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.2174\/1389201020666190102145305","article-title":"Hyperglycemia and Diabetes Induced by Glucocorticoids in Nondiabetic and Diabetic Patients: Revision of Literature and Personal Considerations","volume":"19","author":"Elena","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1097\/00055735-200012000-00016","article-title":"Ocular Complications of Topical, Peri-Ocular, and Systemic Corticosteroids","volume":"11","author":"Carnahan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.2012.635141","article-title":"Drug safety evaluation of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide","volume":"11","author":"Veritti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"786","article-title":"Incidence of posterior subcapsular cataract progression after triamcinolone acetonide administration","volume":"112","author":"Yoshimura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002309","article-title":"Late onset ocular hypertension after vitrectomy: A multicenter study of 6048 eyes","volume":"39","author":"Reibaldi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maeda, Y., Ishikawa, H., Nishikawa, H., Shimizu, M., Kinoshita, T., Ogihara, R., Kitano, S., Yamanaka, C., Mitamura, Y., and Sugimoto, M. (2019). Intraocular pressure elevation after subtenon triamcinolone acetonide injection; Multicentre retrospective cohort study in Japan. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226118"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Intraocular Pressure (IOP) After Intravitreal Dexamethasone Implant (Ozurdex) Amongst Different Geographic populations-GEODEX-IOP Study","volume":"30","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-200502000-00006","article-title":"Primary vitrectomy for combined rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and choroidal detachment with or without oral corticosteroids: A pilot study","volume":"25","author":"Sharma","year":"2005","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3182923463","article-title":"Vitrectomy combined with periocular\/intravitreal injection of steroids for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment associated with choroidal detachment","volume":"34","author":"Wei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12694","article-title":"Perioperative pharmacological management of choroidal detachment associated with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment","volume":"94","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-017-3673-2","article-title":"Ciliary body thickness changes after preoperative anti-inflammatory treatment in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment complicated by choroidal detachment","volume":"255","author":"Alibet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2017.262","article-title":"Surgical outcomes of preoperative steroid for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with associated choroidal detachment","volume":"32","author":"Denwattana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2018.1540705","article-title":"Anatomic Outcomes and Prognostic Factors of Vitrectomy in Patients with Primary Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Associated with Choroidal Detachment","volume":"44","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1974.03900060264003","article-title":"Choroidal detachment associated with primary retinal detachment","volume":"91","author":"Seelenfreund","year":"1974","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"245","article-title":"Choroidal detachment associated with retinal detachment as a presenting finding","volume":"27","author":"Rahman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Can. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2001.195","article-title":"Pars plana vitrectomy with silicon oil in the management of combined rhegmatogenous retinal and choroidal detachment","volume":"15","author":"Loo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"337","article-title":"Vitrectomy, lensectomy and silicone oil tamponade in the management of retinal detachment associated with choroidal detachment","volume":"6","author":"Gui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, Y., An, M., Yang, Z., and Liu, W. (2016). Risk factors for choroidal detachment following rhagmatogenous retinal detachment in a chinese population. BMC Ophthalmol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-016-0319-9"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2282","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(98)91230-1","article-title":"Primary vitrectomy for regmatogenous retinal detachment associated with coroideal detachment","volume":"105","author":"Sharma","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ophalmology"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"417","article-title":"Identification of inflammatory mediators in patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment associated with chroidal detachment","volume":"21","author":"Dai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-4182(05)80052-3","article-title":"Intravitreal triamcinolone for treatment of complicated proliferative diabetic retinopathy and proliferative vitreoretinopathy","volume":"40","author":"Munir","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3928\/15428877-20070901-02","article-title":"Triamcinolone acetonide as an adjuvant in the surgical treatment of retinal detachment with proliferative vitreoretinopathy","volume":"38","author":"Cheema","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg. Lasers Imaging"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.05.016","article-title":"Triamcinolone acetonide in silicone-filled eyes as adjunctive treatment for proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"115","author":"Admaideh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-008-0829-0","article-title":"One-year results of a multicenter controlled clinical trial of triamcinolone in pars plana vitrectomy","volume":"246","author":"Yamakiri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3181fe5427","article-title":"Midterm results of low dose intravitreal triamcinolone as adjunctive treatment for proliferative vitreoretinopathy","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1159\/000351176","article-title":"Regmatogenous retinal detachment with a high risk of proliferative vitreoretinopathy treated with episcleral surgery and an intravitreal dexamethasone 0.7-mg implant","volume":"4","author":"Reibaldi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Case Rep. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1159\/000362882","article-title":"Influence of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection in sclera buckling surgery for macula-off retinal detachment","volume":"52","author":"Mirshahi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-122384","article-title":"Intraocular dexamethasone implant as adjunct to silicone oil tamponade for proliferative vitreoretinopathy","volume":"234","author":"Sherif","year":"2017","journal-title":"Klin. Mon. Augenheilkd."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.01.021","article-title":"Slow release dexamethasone in proliferative vitreoretinopathy:a prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"124","author":"Banerjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, A.R., and Yoon, Y.H. (2019). Adjunctive dexamethasone implant in patients with atopic dermatitis and retinal detachment undergoing vitrectomy and silicone oil tamponade: An interventional case series. BMC Ophthalmol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-019-1094-1"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reibaldi, M., Fallico, M., Longo, A., Avitabile, T., Astuto, M., Murabito, P., Minardi, C., Bonfiglio, V., Boscia, F., and Furino, C. (2019). Efficacy of three different prophylactic treatments for postoperative nausea and vomiting after vitrectomy: A randomized Clinical Trial. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8030391"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2004.02.008","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for proliferative vitreoretinopathy in eyes with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment but no previous vitreoretinal surgery","volume":"137","author":"Tseng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1989.01070020213027","article-title":"Clinical risk factors for proliferative vitreoretinopathy","volume":"107","author":"Cowley","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00189354","article-title":"Cryopexy in primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment: A risk factor for postoperative proliferative vitreoretinopathy?","volume":"234","author":"Bonnet","year":"1996","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4698","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612821666150909100212","article-title":"Intravitreal steroids for the prevention of PVR After Surgery for Retinal Detachment","volume":"21","author":"Gagliano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815937","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/815937","article-title":"Mechanisms of Inflammation in Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy: From Bench to Bedside","volume":"2012","author":"Moysidis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2012.02.004","article-title":"Prediction of proliferative vitreoretinopathy after retinal detachment surgery: Potential of biomarker profiling","volume":"154","author":"Ricker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S138922","article-title":"Widening use of dexamethasone implant for the treatment of macular edema","volume":"11","author":"Bonfiglio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4605","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6387","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of a sustained-release dexamethasone intravitreal implant in vitrectomized and nonvitrectomized eyes","volume":"52","author":"Burke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-200507000-00002","article-title":"Difference in clearance of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide between vitrectomized and nonvitrectomized eyes","volume":"25","author":"Chin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(02)01969-3","article-title":"Intraocular concentration and pharmacokinetics of triamcinolone acetonide after a single intravitreal injection","volume":"110","author":"Beer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1159\/000484091","article-title":"Fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant 190 \u03bcg (ILUVIEN\u00ae) in vitrectomized versus nonvitrectomized eyes for the treatment of chronic diabetic macular edema","volume":"59","author":"Pessoa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S201611","article-title":"Real-world retropective comparison of 0.19 mg fluocinolone acetonide and 0.7 mg dexamethasone intravitreal implants for the treatment of diabetic macular edema in vitrectomized eyes","volume":"13","author":"Coelho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(81)90013-1","article-title":"The lack of toxicity of intravitreally administered triamcinolone acetonide","volume":"91","author":"McCuen","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.84.9.1064","article-title":"Intravitreal injection of crystalline cortisone as adjunctive treatment of proliferative vitreoretinopathy","volume":"84","author":"Jonas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(00)00882-5","article-title":"Intravitreal injection of crystalline cortisone as adjunctive treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy","volume":"131","author":"Jonas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1177\/112067210301300508","article-title":"Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide as an additional tool in pars plana vitrecto\u00acmy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy","volume":"13","author":"Jonas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.3928\/1542-8877-20001101-07","article-title":"Retinal toxicity of triamcinolone acetonide in silicone-filled eyes","volume":"31","author":"Kivilcim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg. Lasers"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-200009000-00013","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of fluocinolone\/5- fluorouracil Cudrug in the Gas- Filled Eye","volume":"20","author":"Perkins","year":"2000","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.86.12.1450-a","article-title":"Concentration of intravitreally injected triamcinolone acetonide in intraocular silicone oil","volume":"86","author":"Jonas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2471","article-title":"The distribution, release kinetics and biocompatibility of triamcinolone injected and dispersed in silicone oil","volume":"50","author":"Spitzer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-018-0127-x","article-title":"Dexamethasone implant in silicone oil: In vitro behavior","volume":"4","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Retin. Vitr."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20140501-02","article-title":"Fibrotic encapsulation of a dexamethasone intravitreal implant following vitrectomy and silicone oil for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Ophthalmic surgery, lasers and imaging retina","volume":"45","author":"Bakri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg. Lasers Imaging Retin."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1177\/112067211002000224","article-title":"Effect of oral prednisolone on visual outcomes and complications after scleral buckling","volume":"20","author":"Dehghan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3181e3789c","article-title":"Influence of systemic steroids on subretinal fluid after scleral buckle surgery for macula-off retinal detachment","volume":"31","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-011-1919-y","article-title":"Systemic corticosteroids reduce the risk of cellophane membranes after retinal detachment surgery: A prospective randomized placebo-controlled double-blind clinical trial","volume":"250","author":"Koerner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2016.0099","article-title":"Comparative effects of topical diclofenac and betamethasone on inflammation after vitrectomy and cataract surgery in various vitreoretinal diseases","volume":"32","author":"Yasuda","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(01)01427-1","article-title":"Persistent foveal retinal detachment after successful regmatogenous retinal detachment surgery","volume":"133","author":"Hagimura","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.01.005","article-title":"Influence of persistent submacular fluid on visual outcome after successful scleral buckle surgery for macula-off retinal detachment","volume":"145","author":"Seo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.07.022","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography analysis of the macula after scleral buckle surgery for retinal detachment","volume":"114","author":"Benson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e318192f4d8","article-title":"A randomized comparison of parecoxib\/valdecoxib and placebo for the prevention of cystoid macular edema after scleral buckling surgery","volume":"29","author":"Benson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Retina"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/9\/5\/1556\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:31:07Z","timestamp":1760175067000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/9\/5\/1556"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm9051556"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm9051556","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]]}}}