{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T18:04:32Z","timestamp":1781201072829,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,26]],"date-time":"2020-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["105-2923-E-194-003-MY3, 106-2112-M-194-002, 108-2823-8-194-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["105-2923-E-194-003-MY3, 106-2112-M-194-002, 108-2823-8-194-002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital research project","award":["107-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107-18"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A methodology that applies hyperspectral imaging (HSI) on ophthalmoscope images to identify diabetic retinopathy (DR) stage is demonstrated. First, an algorithm for HSI image analysis is applied to the average reflectance spectra of simulated arteries and veins in ophthalmoscope images. Second, the average simulated spectra are categorized by using a principal component analysis (PCA) score plot. Third, Beer-Lambert law is applied to calculate vessel oxygen saturation in the ophthalmoscope images, and oxygenation maps are obtained. The average reflectance spectra and PCA results indicate that average reflectance changes with the deterioration of DR. The G-channel gradually decreases because of vascular disease, whereas the R-channel gradually increases with oxygen saturation in the vessels. As DR deteriorates, the oxygen utilization of retinal tissues gradually decreases, and thus oxygen saturation in the veins gradually increases. The sensitivity of diagnosis is based on the severity of retinopathy due to diabetes. Normal, background DR (BDR), pre-proliferative DR (PPDR), and proliferative DR (PDR) are arranged in order of 90.00%, 81.13%, 87.75%, and 93.75%, respectively; the accuracy is 90%, 86%, 86%, 90%, respectively. The F1-scores are 90% (Normal), 83.49% (BDR), 86.86% (PPDR), and 91.83% (PDR), and the accuracy rates are 95%, 91.5%, 93.5%, and 96%, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9061613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]],"date-time":"2020-05-29T00:44:02Z","timestamp":1590713042000},"page":"1613","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Hyperspectral Ophthalmoscope Images for the Diagnosis of Diabetic Retinopathy Stage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Hsin-Yu","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Armed Forced General Hospital, Kaohsiung City 80284, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4681-2939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuang-Wen","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, 46, Sec. 3, Zhongzheng Rd., Sanzhi Dist., New Taipei 25245, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong-Thai","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Center for Innovative Research on Aging Society (CIRAS), National Chung Cheng University, 168, University Rd., Min Hsiung, Chia Yi 62102, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chie-Tong","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Innovation Incubation Center, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung 821, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4107-2062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsiang-Chen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Center for Innovative Research on Aging Society (CIRAS), National Chung Cheng University, 168, University Rd., Min Hsiung, Chia Yi 62102, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.299.10.1185","article-title":"Reinventing type 2 diabetes: Pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention","volume":"299","author":"Unger","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2011.10.029","article-title":"IDF diabetes atlas: Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2011 and 2030","volume":"94","author":"Whiting","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. 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