{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:51:14Z","timestamp":1787028674684,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,10]],"date-time":"2020-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Little is known about the innate immune response to viral infections in stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Objectives: To evaluate the innate immune mediators related to respiratory viruses in the bronchial biopsies and lung parenchyma of stable COPD patients. Methods: We evaluated the immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of Toll-like receptors 3-7-8-9 (TLR-3-7-8-9), TIR domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN\u03b2 (TRIF), Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), Phospho interferon regulatory factor 3\u00a0 ( pIRF3), Interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7), Phospho interferon regulatory factor 7 (pIRF7), retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG1), melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5), Probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DHX58 ( LGP2), Mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS), Stimulator of interferon genes (STING), DNA-dependent activator of IFN regulatory factors (DAI), forkhead box protein A3(FOXA3), Interferon alfa (IFN\u03b1), and Interferon beta (IFN\u03b2) in the bronchial mucosa of patients with mild\/moderate (n = 16), severe\/very severe (n = 18) stable COPD, control smokers (CS) (n = 12), and control non-smokers (CNS) (n = 12). We performed similar IHC analyses in peripheral lung from COPD (n = 12) and CS (n = 12). IFN\u03b1 and IFN\u03b2 were assessed in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) supernatant from CNS (n = 8), CS (n = 9) and mild\/moderate COPD (n = 12). Viral load, including adenovirus-B, -C, Bocavirus, Respiratory syncytial Virus (RSV),Human Rhinovirus (HRV), Coronavirus, Influenza virus A (FLU-A), Influenza virus B (FLU-B), and Parainfluenzae-1 were measured in bronchial rings and lung parenchyma of COPD patients and the related control group (CS). Results: Among the viral-related innate immune mediators, RIG1, LGP2, MAVS, STING, and DAI resulted well expressed in the bronchial and lung tissues of COPD patients, although not in a significantly different mode from control groups. Compared to CS, COPD patients showed no significant differences of viral load in bronchial rings and lung parenchyma. Conclusions: Some virus-related molecules are well-expressed in the lung tissue and bronchi of stable COPD patients independently of the disease severity, suggesting a \u201cprimed\u201d tissue environment capable of sensing the potential viral infections occurring in these patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9061807","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]],"date-time":"2020-06-16T00:50:49Z","timestamp":1592268649000},"page":"1807","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Evaluation of Innate Immune Mediators Related to Respiratory Viruses in the Lung of Stable COPD Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Silvestro E.","family":"D\u2019Anna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Divisione di Pneumologia Telese, Via Bagni Vecchi 1, 82037 Benevento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6751-9921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Maniscalco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Divisione di Pneumologia Telese, Via Bagni Vecchi 1, 82037 Benevento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vitina","family":"Carriero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, AOU San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano (Torino), Universit\u00e0 di Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabella","family":"Gnemmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisione di Pneumologia e Laboratorio di Citoimmunopatologia dell\u2019Apparato Cardio Respiratorio, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA, Societ\u00e0 Benefit, IRCCS, Veruno, Via Revislate 13, 28010 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9807-327X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaetano","family":"Caramori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Messina, Piazza Pugliatti 1, 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8454-5363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Nucera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Messina, Piazza Pugliatti 1, 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisella","family":"Righi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Oncologia, SCDU, Anatomia Patologica, AOU, San Luigi, Orbassano, Universit\u00e0 di Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Brun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Sezione di Istologia, Universit\u00e0 di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58b, 35121 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4439-1424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Balbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisione di Pneumologia e Laboratorio di Citoimmunopatologia dell\u2019Apparato Cardio Respiratorio, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA, Societ\u00e0 Benefit, IRCCS, Veruno, Via Revislate 13, 28010 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2101-8843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian M","family":"Adcock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse St, London SW3 6LY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Grazia","family":"Stella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa di Medicina, Ospedale G. 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