{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T22:24:45Z","timestamp":1789683885128,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HI16C0483"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI16C0483"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006468","name":"College of Medicine, Korea University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K1710671"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K1710671"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006468","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The regression equation of the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) was a preferred method for estimating maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). Recently, a more precise equation from the fitness registry and the importance of exercise national database (FRIEND) for healthy people was developed. This study compared VO2max estimated by the ACSM and FRIEND equations to VO2max directly measured in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. Overall, 293 CAD patients who participated in cardiac rehabilitation between June 2015 and December 2018 were analyzed. Directly measured VO2max values were compared to the ACSM and FRIEND equations. The directly measured VO2max was significantly different from the estimated VO2max by ACSM equation (24.16 vs. 28.7 mL\/kg\/min, p &lt; 0.001), which was overestimated by 20% in men and 16% in women. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the directly measured VO2max and the estimated VO2max by the FRIEND equation. (24.16 vs. 24.15 mL\/kg\/min, p = 0.986). In CAD patients, the estimated VO2max from the ACSM equation was significantly higher than the directly measured VO2max. In addition, estimated cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) by the FRIEND equation showed similar results with directly measured CRF. As a result, the FRIEND equation can predict CRF more accurately than the ACSM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9061889","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]],"date-time":"2020-06-18T11:00:56Z","timestamp":1592478056000},"page":"1889","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Validation of FRIEND and ACSM Equations for Cardiorespiratory Fitness: Comparison to Direct Measurement in CAD Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1244-5691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Won Young","family":"Jang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Korea St. Vincent Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Suwon 16247, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5187-8310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong Oh","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 08308, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2571-7898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoonjee","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jieun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 08308, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6939-5958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Woohyeun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 08308, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jah Yeon","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 08308, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0854-9079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung-Young","family":"Roh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 08308, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuna","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 08308, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5630-1449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Se-Hyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Science Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3185-0062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Woo-Sub","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of rehabilitation, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 08308, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Oh","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 08308, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheol Ung","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 08308, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung-Woon","family":"Rha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 08308, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang Gyu","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 08308, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong Seog","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 08308, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eung Ju","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 08308, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200001000-00012","article-title":"Limiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake and determinants of endurance performance","volume":"32","author":"Bassett","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med. 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[2nd ed.]."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/9\/6\/1889\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:39:45Z","timestamp":1760175585000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/9\/6\/1889"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm9061889"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm9061889","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]]}}}