{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T22:29:22Z","timestamp":1791584962731,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010621","name":"Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DS460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DS460"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UMO-2016\/21\/B\/NZ6\/02279"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO-2016\/21\/B\/NZ6\/02279"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignancies and, unfortunately, still has a high mortality rate. Recent research points to CAR-T immunotherapy as a promising treatment for this disease. Using genetically engineered T cells designed to target a previously selected antigen, researchers are able to harness the natural anti-tumor activity of T cells. For therapy to be successful, however, it is essential to choose antigens that are present on tumor cells but not on healthy cells. In this review, we present an overview of the most important targets for CAR-T therapy in the context of GC, including their biologic function and therapeutic application. A number of clinical studies point to the following as important markers in GC: human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, carcinoembryonic antigen, mucin 1, epithelial cell adhesion molecule, claudin 18.2, mesothelin, natural-killer receptor group 2 member D, and folate receptor 1. Although these markers have been met with some success, the search for new and improved targets continues. Key among these novel biomarkers are the B7H6 ligand, actin-related protein 2\/3 (ARP 2\/3), neuropilin-1 (NRP-1), desmocollin 2 (DSC2), anion exchanger 1 (AF1), and cancer-related antigens CA-72-4 and CA-19-9.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9061894","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]],"date-time":"2020-06-18T11:00:56Z","timestamp":1592478056000},"page":"1894","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["CAR-T Cell Therapy\u2014An Overview of Targets in Gastric Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Dominika","family":"B\u0119bnowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0451-4741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewelina","family":"Grywalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4065-3842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Nied\u017awiedzka-Rystwej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Sosnowska-Pasiarska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncocardiology, Holy Cross Cancer Centre, 25-734 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolanta","family":"Smok-Kalwat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Oncology, Holy Cross Cancer Centre, 25-734 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Pasiarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-317 Kielce, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Hematology, Holy Cross Cancer Centre, 25-734 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanis\u0142aw","family":"G\u00f3\u017ad\u017a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Oncology, Holy Cross Cancer Centre, 25-734 Kielce, Poland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The Jan Kochanowski University, 25-516 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacek","family":"Roli\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Polkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-080 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.21037\/jgo.2017.05.01","article-title":"Immunotherapy in gastrointestinal cancers","volume":"8","author":"Grierson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"68","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5773","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i38.5773","article-title":"Targeted therapies in metastatic gastric cancer: Current knowledge and future perspectives","volume":"25","author":"Pellino","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"5681","article-title":"Use of immunotherapy in the treatment of gastric cancer","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-019-0704-y","article-title":"Mesothelin is a target of chimeric antigen receptor T cells for treating gastric cancer","volume":"12","author":"Lv","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1271857","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2016.1271857","article-title":"Steering CAR T cells to distinguish friend from foe","volume":"8","author":"Caruso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-12-0548","article-title":"The basic principles of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) design","volume":"3","author":"Sadelain","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/s00335-018-9756-5","article-title":"Manipulating the tumor microenvironment by adoptive cell transfer of CAR T-cells","volume":"29","author":"Gowrishankar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mamm. Genome"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dolcetti, R., De Re, V., and Canzonieri, V. (2018). Immunotherapy for Gastric Cancer: Time for a Personalized Approach?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19061602"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"106","article-title":"Antitumor effects and persistence of a novel HER2 CAR T cells directed to gastric cancer in preclinical models","volume":"8","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3583","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i32.3583","article-title":"Prognostic significance of tumor immune microenvironment and immunotherapy: Novel insights and future perspectives in gastric cancer","volume":"24","author":"Avram","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1251539","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2016.1251539","article-title":"CAR-T cell therapy in gastrointestinal tumors and hepatic carcinoma: From bench to bedside","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-020-00890-6","article-title":"Gene modification strategies for next-generation CAR T cells against solid cancers","volume":"13","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00128","article-title":"CAR T Cells for Solid Tumors: New Strategies for Finding, Infiltrating, and Surviving in the Tumor Microenvironment","volume":"10","author":"Martinez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-019-0804-8","article-title":"Tumor-intrinsic signaling pathways: Key roles in the regulation of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5791262","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5791262","article-title":"Immunotherapeutic Strategies for Gastric Carcinoma: A Review of Preclinical and Clinical Recent Development","volume":"2017","author":"Abozeid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-013-0252-z","article-title":"HER2-positive gastric cancer","volume":"17","author":"Boku","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastric Cancer"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-017-0384-8","article-title":"Effective and persistent antitumor activity of HER2-directed CAR-T cells against gastric cancer cells in vitro and xenotransplanted tumors in vivo","volume":"9","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5879","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i26.5879","article-title":"HER2 heterogeneity in gastric\/gastroesophageal cancers: From benchside to practice","volume":"22","author":"Grillo","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4619","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i19.4619","article-title":"HER2 testing in gastric cancer: An update","volume":"22","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s12253-016-0082-5","article-title":"HER2 Status in Gastric Cancer: Comparison between Primary and Distant Metastatic Disease","volume":"23","author":"Amato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pathol. Oncol. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-018-0204-5","article-title":"The HER4-YAP1 axis promotes trastuzumab resistance in HER2-positive gastric cancer by inducing epithelial and mesenchymal transition","volume":"37","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s00595-016-1408-3","article-title":"The characteristics of the serum carcinoembryonic antigen and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 levels in gastric cancer cases","volume":"47","author":"Wada","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surg. Today"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2018.02.027","article-title":"Single and combined use of neutrophil\u2013lymphocyte ratio, platelet\u2013lymphocyte ratio and carcinoembryonic antigen in diagnosing gastric cancer","volume":"481","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1159\/000012001","article-title":"Prognostic Significance of CEA, CA 19-9 and CA 72-4 Preoperative Serum Levels in Gastric Carcinoma","volume":"57","author":"Marrelli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-017-2045-4","article-title":"CAR T cells targeting solid tumors: Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) proves to be a safe target","volume":"66","author":"Holzinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-017-2034-7","article-title":"The clinical efficacy of first-generation carcinoembryonic antigen (CEACAM5)-specific CAR T cells is limited by poor persistence and transient pre-conditioning-dependent respiratory toxicity","volume":"66","author":"Thistlethwaite","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.2217\/imt.10.17","article-title":"MUC1 immunotherapy","volume":"2","author":"Beatson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2018.04.028","article-title":"Cancer-associated fibroblasts-stimulated interleukin-11 promotes metastasis of gastric cancer cells mediated by upregulation of MUC1","volume":"368","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1078\/0344-0338-00318","article-title":"Expression of MUC1 and MUC2 mucins in gastric carcinomas: Their relationship with clinicopathologic parameters and prognosis","volume":"198","author":"Akyol","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinson, H.A., Mallari, D., Richter, C., Wu, T.T., Tiesinga, J., Alberts, S.R., and Olnes, M.J. (2020). Molecular Classification of Gastric Cancer among Alaska Native People. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12010198"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9421571","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9421571","article-title":"MUC1 Immunohistochemical Expression as a Prognostic Factor in Gastric Cancer: Meta-Analysis","volume":"2016","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D1321","DOI":"10.2741\/Corfield","article-title":"Mucins in the gastrointestinal tract in health and disease","volume":"6","author":"Corfield","year":"2001","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"773","article-title":"MUC1 in Cancer Immunotherapy\u2014New Hope or Phantom Menace?","volume":"84","author":"Syrkina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4559","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-0564","article-title":"CAR mechanics: Driving T cells into the MUC of cancer","volume":"69","author":"Maher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"282","article-title":"P150 1st-in-human CAR T clinical trial for metastatic breast cancers. 34th Annual Meeting & Pre-Conference Programs of the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC 2019): Part 1","volume":"7","author":"Bamdad","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13545","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.14592","article-title":"Intraperitoneal immunotherapy with T cells stably and transiently expressing anti-EpCAM CAR in xenograft models of peritoneal carcinomatosis","volume":"8","author":"Ang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai, M., Yuan, F., Fu, C., Shen, G., Hu, S., and Shen, G. (2017). Relationship between epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) overexpression and gastric cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175357"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00185","article-title":"Identification of tumor specific peptide as EpCAM ligand and its potential diagnostic and therapeutic clinical application","volume":"16","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1771","article-title":"Functions of EpCAM in physiological processes and diseases (Review)","volume":"42","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"1277","article-title":"EpCAM is overexpressed in gastric cancer and its downregulation suppresses proliferation of gastric cancer","volume":"13","author":"Du","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2018.229","article-title":"Preclinical evaluation of chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells specific to EpCAM for treating colorectal cancer","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2020, March 15). Single-Arm, Two Phase, Multicenter Trial to Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of the CAR-T for Stomach Cancer, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT02725125."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-018-0150-6","article-title":"Randomised phase II trial to investigate catumaxomab (anti-EpCAM\u2009\u00d7\u2009anti-CD3) for treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis in patients with gastric cancer","volume":"119","author":"Kunzmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-019-02624-7","article-title":"Expression of the potential therapeutic target claudin-18.2 is frequently decreased in gastric cancer: Results from a large Caucasian cohort study","volume":"475","author":"Dottermusch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-017-0473-4","article-title":"Anti-claudin 18.2 antibody as new targeted therapy for advanced gastric cancer","volume":"10","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.21037\/cco.2017.07.02","article-title":"Systemic therapy for esophagogastric cancer: Targeted therapies","volume":"6","author":"Lyons","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djy134","article-title":"Claudin18.2-Specific Chimeric Antigen Receptor Engineered T Cells for the Treatment of Gastric Cancer","volume":"111","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2019.37.15_suppl.2509","article-title":"Phase I trial of Claudin 18.2-specific chimeric antigen receptor T cells for advanced gastric and pancreatic adenocarcinoma","volume":"37","author":"Zhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"(2020, June 06). CARsgen Therapeutics Receives IND Clearance from the US FDA for CT041 CLDN18.2-CAR-T Cells. Available online: https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/carsgen-therapeutics-receives-ind-clearance-from-the-us-fda-for-ct041-cldn18-2-car-t-cells-301060555.html."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"(2020, June 06). Open-label, Multicenter, Phase 1b Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Autologous Claudin 18.2 Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell Therapy in Patients with Advanced Gastric or Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04404595."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2007.08.028","article-title":"Mesothelin targeted cancer immunotherapy","volume":"44","author":"Hassan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.4132\/jptm.2016.11.18","article-title":"Mesothelin Expression in Gastric Adenocarcinoma and Its Relation to Clinical Outcomes","volume":"51","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pathol. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2013.2803","article-title":"ERC\/mesothelin is expressed in human gastric cancer tissues and cell lines","volume":"31","author":"Ito","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4171","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.68.3672","article-title":"Mesothelin Immunotherapy for Cancer: Ready for Prime Time?","volume":"34","author":"Hassan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-15-0583","article-title":"Mesothelin-Targeted CARs: Driving T Cells to Solid Tumors","volume":"6","author":"Morello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1108","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2018-0896","article-title":"Mesothelin Expression Is a Predictive Factor for Peritoneal Recurrence in Curatively Resected Stage III Gastric Cancer","volume":"24","author":"Shin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-019-0169-8","article-title":"Mesothelin as a biomarker for targeted therapy","volume":"7","author":"Lv","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomark. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov (2020, March 15). Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03941626."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6248590","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6248590","article-title":"Altered NKp30, NKp46, NKG2D, and DNAM-1 Expression on Circulating NK Cells Is Associated with Tumor Progression in Human Gastric Cancer","volume":"2018","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.2217\/fon-2017-0102","article-title":"Exploiting natural killer group 2D receptors for CAR T-cell therapy","volume":"13","author":"Demoulin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Future Oncol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-018-3670-0","article-title":"Development of NKG2D-based chimeric antigen receptor-T cells for gastric cancer treatment","volume":"82","author":"Tao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"8","article-title":"NKG2D ligands as therapeutic targets","volume":"13","author":"Spear","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Immun."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.04.104","article-title":"Prognostic significance and functional implication of immune activating receptor NKG2D in gastric cancer","volume":"487","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov (2020, March 15). Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04107142."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2007.11.020","article-title":"Folate receptor alpha as a tumor target in epithelial ovarian cancer","volume":"108","author":"Kalli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2017.03.017","article-title":"Modification of cytokine-induced killer cells with folate receptor alpha (FR\u03b1)-specific chimeric antigen receptors enhances their antitumor immunity toward FR\u03b1-positive ovarian cancers","volume":"85","author":"Zuo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S98242","article-title":"Profile of farletuzumab and its potential in the treatment of solid tumors","volume":"9","author":"Sato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Onco Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1263717","DOI":"10.1080\/23262133.2016.1263717","article-title":"Folate receptor alpha is more than just a folate transporter","volume":"4","author":"Mohanty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurogenesis"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52553","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.9651","article-title":"Targeting folate receptor alpha for cancer treatment","volume":"7","author":"Cheung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, M., Pyo, S., Kang, C.H., Lee, C.O., Lee, H.K., Choi, S.U., and Park, C.H. (2018). Folate receptor 1 (FOLR1) targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells for the treatment of gastric cancer. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198347"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20090681","article-title":"The B7 family memebr B7-H6 is a tumor cell ligand for the activating natural killer cell receptor NKp30 in humans","volume":"206","author":"Brandt","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1038\/gt.2015.29","article-title":"B7H6-specific chimeric antigen receptors lead to tumor elimination and host anti-tumor immunity","volume":"22","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-06-2508","article-title":"Lymphoma incidence patterns by WHO subtype in the United States, 1992\u20132001","volume":"107","author":"Morton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/s41417-018-0012-7","article-title":"T-bet promotes potent antitumor activity of CD4+ CAR T cells","volume":"25","author":"Gacerez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2026","article-title":"The ARP2\/3 complex: An actin nucleator comes of age","volume":"7","author":"Goley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"2225","article-title":"Arp2\/3 overexpression contributed to pathogenesis, growth and invasion of gastric carcinoma","volume":"28","author":"Zheng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1159\/000111304","article-title":"Growth-associated expression of a membrane protein, neuropilin, in Xenopus optic nerve fibers","volume":"17","author":"Fujisawa","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.200493","article-title":"Neuropilin 1 binds PDGF-D and is a co-receptor in PDGF-D-PDGFR\u03b2 signaling","volume":"130","author":"Muhl","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"4629","article-title":"NRP-1 and KDR polymorphisms are associated with survival time in patients with advanced gastric cancer","volume":"18","author":"Zhuo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.01.023","article-title":"Hypomethylated gene NRP1 is co-expressed with PDGFRB and associated with poor overall survival in gastric cancer","volume":"111","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"2524","article-title":"MicroRNA-9 inhibits gastric cancer cell proliferation and migration by targeting neuropilin-1","volume":"18","author":"Hang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2007.09.003","article-title":"Desmosomes from a structural perspective","volume":"19","author":"Stokes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2717","article-title":"Search for transmembrane protein in gastric cancer by the Escherichia coli ampicillin secretion trap: Expression of DSC2 in gastric cancer with intestinal phenotype","volume":"221","author":"Anami","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2010.01.027","article-title":"Structure of the membrane domain of human erythrocyte anion exchanger 1 revealed by electron crystallography","volume":"397","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-009-0573-9","article-title":"Expression of anion exchanger 1 is associated with tumor progress in human gastric cancer","volume":"135","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2005.02.063","article-title":"Direct interaction and cooperative role of tumor suppressor p16 with band 3 (AE1)","volume":"579","author":"Fu","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, T., Fei, H.J., Yang, Y., Jiang, X.S., Yan, M., Zeng, Z., Wu, J., Song, L.J., Tian, H., and Fu, G.H. (2016). Expression of AE1\/p16 promoted degradation of AE2 in gastric cancer cells. BMC Cancer, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-016-2751-x"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01521.x","article-title":"Anti-tumor effects of small interfering RNA targeting anion exchanger 1 in experimental gastric cancer","volume":"165","author":"Suo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2009.481","article-title":"Induction of anion exchanger-1 translation and its opposite roles in the carcinogenesis of gastric cancer cells and differentiation of K562 cells","volume":"29","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"81","article-title":"Expression of anion exchanger 2 in human gastric cancer","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.12058","article-title":"EGR1 is critical for gastrin-dependent upregulation of anion exchanger in gastric cancer cells","volume":"280","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"111","article-title":"Classic tumor markers in gastric cancer. Current standards and limitations","volume":"88","author":"Nagy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clujul Med."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000488240","article-title":"Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9, Carcinoembryonic Antigen, and Carbohydrate Antigen 72-4 in Gastric Cancer: Is the Old Band Still Playing?","volume":"5","author":"Kotzev","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Tumors"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02268","article-title":"Effective Targeting of TAG72+ Peritoneal Ovarian Tumors via Regional Delivery of CAR-Engineered T Cells","volume":"9","author":"Murad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-017-0222-9","article-title":"Safety, tumor trafficking and immunogenicity of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells specific for TAG-72 in colorectal cancer","volume":"5","author":"Hege","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549843","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/549843","article-title":"Clinicopathologic and Prognostic Value of Serum Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 in Gastric Cancer: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"2015","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1159\/000479223","article-title":"Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9-Positive Gastric Adenocarcinoma: Autopsy Findings and Review of the Literature","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Case Rep. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49565","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.10391","article-title":"Clinical significance and diagnostic value of serum CEA, CA19-9 and CA72-4 in patients with gastric cancer","volume":"7","author":"Liang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/pin.12882","article-title":"Clinicopathological characteristics of gastric cancer with carbohydrate antigen 19-9 expression occurring in elderly individuals: An autopsy study","volume":"70","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathol. Int."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2018.09.008","article-title":"Low-Dose Radiation Conditioning Enables CAR T Cells to Mitigate Antigen Escape","volume":"26","author":"DeSelm","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.2217\/cer-2019-0065","article-title":"CAR-T therapy and historical trends in effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of oncology treatments","volume":"5","author":"Baumgardner","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Comp. Eff. Res."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/9\/6\/1894\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:39:52Z","timestamp":1760175592000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/9\/6\/1894"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm9061894"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm9061894","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]]}}}