{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T10:22:04Z","timestamp":1772706124469,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,19]],"date-time":"2020-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Psychiatry Research Trust, London SE5 8AF","award":["WDI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WDI"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Depression is associated with constipation within and outside Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). Since inefficient cognitive-processing (bradyphrenia) features in PD and an enterokinetic agent improved cognitive performance in healthy individuals, bradyphrenia may be associated with constipation. We aim to define the archetypical bowel function of PD, and its association with cognition, mood, and motor features within and outside PD. We assessed colonic transit time (oral radio-opaque markers over 6 days), bowel function and psychometric questionnaires and measures of PD facets, including bradyphrenia, in 58 participants with diagnosed PD, and 71 without (controls). The best abdominal X-ray (day 7) predictors of PD status were total retained marker count and transverse colon segmental delay. However, Rome functional constipation status complemented segmental delay better, giving good specificity (85%) but low sensitivity (56%). Transverse colon marker count appeared to be age-associated only in PD. In PD, those correctly classified by bowel dysfunction had higher depression scores (p = 0.02) and longer cognitive-processing times than the misclassified (p = 0.05). Controls misclassified as PD by bowel dysfunction had higher depression and anxiety scores than the correctly classified (p = 0.002 and 0.003, respectively), but not slower cognitive processing. Measures of motor features were independent of sub-classification by bowel function in PD and in controls. In conclusion, constipation in PD has distinct localized pathophysiology, and is associated with bradyphrenia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9061916","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,19]],"date-time":"2020-06-19T10:43:58Z","timestamp":1592563438000},"page":"1916","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Distinctive Pathophysiology Underlying Constipation in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Implications for Cognitive Inefficiency"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Rosalind M.","family":"Tucker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK"},{"name":"The Maudsley Hospital, London SE5 8AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9479-0319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzanne","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imaging, King\u2019s College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bu\u2019 Hussain","family":"Hayee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology, King\u2019s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 9RS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ingvar","family":"Bjarnason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology, King\u2019s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 9RS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aisha D.","family":"Augustin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK"},{"name":"The Maudsley Hospital, London SE5 8AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chianna","family":"Umamahesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK"},{"name":"The Maudsley Hospital, London SE5 8AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK"},{"name":"The Maudsley Hospital, London SE5 8AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clive","family":"Weller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sylvia M","family":"Dobbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK"},{"name":"The Maudsley Hospital, London SE5 8AZ, UK"},{"name":"Gastroenterology, King\u2019s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 9RS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R John","family":"Dobbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK"},{"name":"The Maudsley Hospital, London SE5 8AZ, UK"},{"name":"Gastroenterology, King\u2019s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 9RS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Charlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK"},{"name":"Statistics, Modelling and Economics, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London NW9 5EQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-9158-4-1","article-title":"Meta-analyses on prevalence of selected Parkinson\u2019s nonmotor symptoms before and after diagnosis","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl. 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