{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T10:34:23Z","timestamp":1790159663902,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,22]],"date-time":"2020-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["2017R1D1A1B03035355"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017R1D1A1B03035355"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: We sought to investigate visual function, primarily, and structural changes in retinal ganglion cells, secondarily, in patients with major depressive disorder. Methods: A total of 50 normal participants and 49 patients with major depressive disorder were included in this cross-sectional study. The participants underwent 24\u20132 standard automated perimetry and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Results: The pattern standard deviation (PSD) in the visual field test was higher in the major depressive disorder patients than in the normal control subjects (p = 0.017). The patients with major depressive disorder showed reduced minimum ganglion cell\u2013inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness relative to the normal control participants (p = 0.015). The average score on the Hamilton Depression Rating scale showed a significant correlation with the PSD, minimum GCIPL thickness, and inferior GCIPL thickness (r = 0.265, p = 0.009; r = \u22120.239, p = 0.017; and r = \u22120.204, p = 0.043, respectively). The multivariate analysis of factors associated with PSD showed old age and a high Hamilton Depression Rating score to be relevant (p = 0.002 and 0.028, respectively). Conclusions: Visual function was decreased and the GCIPL thickness was reduced in major depressive disorder patients. The retinal neurodegenerative process in depression might be considered in patients with depression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9061951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,24]],"date-time":"2020-06-24T07:14:19Z","timestamp":1592982859000},"page":"1951","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Attenuated Visual Function in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Kyoung In","family":"Jung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, Seoul 06591, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seo-Yeon","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Da Young","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, Seoul 06591, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na Young","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Eunpyung St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, Seoul 03312, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae-Suk","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chan Kee","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, Seoul 06591, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0b013e31816299d4","article-title":"High prevalence of anxiety and depression in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"17","author":"Mabuchi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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