{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:18:30Z","timestamp":1791389910874,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":203,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,29]],"date-time":"2020-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The emergence of pachychoroid disease is changing the concept of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The concept of pachychoroid diseases was developed through clinical observation of multimodal images of eyes with AMD and central serous chorioretinopathy; however, recent genetic studies have provided a proof of concept for pachychoroid spectrum disease, which should be differentiated from drusen-driven AMD. The genetic confirmation of pachychoroid concept further provides novel viewpoints to decode previously reported findings, which facilitates an understanding of the true nature of pachychoroid diseases and AMD. The purpose of this review was to elucidate the relationship between pachychoroid diseases and AMD by interpreting previous findings on pachychoroid diseases and AMD from the novel viewpoints of genetic associations. We confirmed that previous genetic studies supported the concept of pachychoroid diseases. From a genetic viewpoint, the presence of thick choroid and the presence of choroidal vascular hyperpermeability were important characteristics of pachychoroid spectrum diseases. Previous studies have also suggested the classification of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) into two subtypes, pachychoroid neovasculopathy and drusen-driven PCV. Genetic viewpoints will be beneficial to rearrange subtypes of drusen-driven AMD and pachychoroid spectrum diseases. Further genetic studies are needed to investigate pachyvessels, pachydrusen and the significance of polypoidal lesions in pachychoroid neovasculopathy and drusen-driven AMD\/PCV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9072034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]],"date-time":"2020-06-30T14:24:24Z","timestamp":1593527064000},"page":"2034","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Characteristics of Pachychoroid Diseases and Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Multimodal Imaging and Genetic Backgrounds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9354-8558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenji","family":"Yamashiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Japanese Red Cross Otsu Hospital, Otsu 520-8511, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshikatsu","family":"Hosoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Miyake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sotaro","family":"Ooto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0779-7799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akitaka","family":"Tsujikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3182680a66","article-title":"Type 1 (sub-retinal pigment epithelial) neovascularization in central serous chorioretinopathy masquerading as neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"32","author":"Fung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3182953df4","article-title":"Pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy","volume":"33","author":"Warrow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000331","article-title":"Pachychoroid neovasculopathy","volume":"35","author":"Pang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16204","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16204","article-title":"Pachychoroid neovasculopathy and age-related macular degeneration","volume":"5","author":"Miyake","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"2217","article-title":"Choroidal Neovascularization Classification System Based on Machine Learning to Distinguish Pachychoroid Neovasculopathy from Age-related Macular Degeneration","volume":"60","author":"Miyake","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6261","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1802212115","article-title":"CFH and VIPR2 as susceptibility loci in choroidal thickness and pachychoroid disease central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"115","author":"Hosoda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.05.025","article-title":"Predictive Genes for the Prognosis of Central Serous Chorioretinopathy","volume":"3","author":"Hosoda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Retina"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00166756","article-title":"Classification of retinal pigment epithelial detachments associated with drusen","volume":"230","author":"Hartnett","year":"1992","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(96)30389-8","article-title":"Deep retinal vascular anomalous complexes in advanced age-related macular degeneration","volume":"103","author":"Hartnett","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1995.01100110052025","article-title":"Imaging of chorioretinal anastomoses in vascularized retinal pigment epithelium detachments","volume":"113","author":"Kuhn","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-200312000-00001","article-title":"Focal inner retinal hemorrhages in patients with drusen: An early sign of occult choroidal neovascularization and chorioretinal anastomosis","volume":"23","author":"Gass","year":"2003","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.02.042","article-title":"Occult chorioretinal anastomosis in age-related macular degeneration: A prospective study by optical coherence tomography","volume":"140","author":"Costa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-200110000-00003","article-title":"Retinal angiomatous proliferation in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"21","author":"Yannuzzi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3181669504","article-title":"Type 3 neovascularization: The expanded spectrum of retinal angiomatous proliferation","volume":"28","author":"Freund","year":"2008","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-199010010-00001","article-title":"Idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (IPCV)","volume":"10","author":"Yannuzzi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1997.01100150480005","article-title":"The expanding clinical spectrum of idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy","volume":"115","author":"Yannuzzi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.117.11.1503","article-title":"Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and neovascularized age-related macular degeneration","volume":"117","author":"Yannuzzi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-199515020-00003","article-title":"Indocyanine green videoangiography of idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy","volume":"15","author":"Spaide","year":"1995","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.117.8.1035","article-title":"Idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in Japanese patients","volume":"117","author":"Uyama","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)00173-6","article-title":"Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy masquerading as central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"107","author":"Yannuzzi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.121.10.1392","article-title":"Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: Incidence, demographic features, and clinical characteristics","volume":"121","author":"Sho","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1007\/s004170000180","article-title":"Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in Caucasians","volume":"238","author":"Lafaut","year":"2000","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-200210000-00005","article-title":"The nature of focal areas of hyperfluorescence or hot spots imaged with indocyanine green angiography","volume":"22","author":"Fernandes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2003.10.007","article-title":"Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy","volume":"49","author":"Ciardella","year":"2004","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-003-0667-z","article-title":"Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in elderly Chinese patients","volume":"242","author":"Wen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2007.03.047","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of exudative age-related macular degeneration in Japanese patients","volume":"144","author":"Maruko","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-007-0575-8","article-title":"Subtype lesions of neovascular age-related macular degeneration in Chinese patients","volume":"245","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-007-0498-2","article-title":"Incidence and clinical patterns of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in Korean patients","volume":"52","author":"Byeon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.3928\/15428877-20091030-07","article-title":"Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in Taiwanese patients","volume":"40","author":"Chang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg. Lasers Imaging Retin."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.10.001","article-title":"Phenotype and genotype characteristics of age-related macular degeneration in a Japanese population","volume":"117","author":"Mori","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.05.004","article-title":"Comparison of exudative age-related macular degeneration subtypes in Japanese and French Patients: Multicenter diagnosis with multimodal imaging","volume":"158","author":"Coscas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(98)00411-5","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography of idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy","volume":"127","author":"Iijima","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1097\/01.iae.0000249386.63482.05","article-title":"Tomographic features of branching vascular networks in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy","volume":"27","author":"Sato","year":"2007","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3181884fbf","article-title":"Improved visualization of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy lesions using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"29","author":"Ojima","year":"2009","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e31823beb14","article-title":"Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: Simultaneous indocyanine green angiography and eye-tracked spectral domain optical coherence tomography findings","volume":"32","author":"Khan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000255","article-title":"Understanding indocyanine green angiography in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: The group experience with digital fundus photography and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy","volume":"34","author":"Cheung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2016.71","article-title":"The role of indocyanine green angiography imaging in further differential diagnosis of patients with nAMD who are morphologically poor responders to ranibizumab in a real-life setting","volume":"30","author":"Ozkaya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eye (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000794","article-title":"Distinguishing Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy from Typical Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration Based on Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2010.232","article-title":"Development of polypoidal lesions in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"25","author":"Tsujikawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eye (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-199414030-00008","article-title":"Central serous chorioretinopathy and indocyanine green angiography","volume":"14","author":"Piccolino","year":"1994","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1994.01090200063023","article-title":"Digital indocyanine green videoangiography of central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"112","author":"Guyer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1995.63","article-title":"Indocyanine green angiographic findings in central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"9","author":"Piccolino","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eye (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s004170050114","article-title":"Indocyanine green angiography is of value for the diagnosis of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy in elderly patients","volume":"236","author":"Lafaut","year":"1998","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2009.04.029","article-title":"Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography of the choroid in highly myopic eyes","volume":"148","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3181be0a83","article-title":"Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography of the choroid in central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"29","author":"Imamura","year":"2009","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.01.023","article-title":"Subfoveal choroidal thickness after treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"117","author":"Maruko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e31821801c5","article-title":"Comparison of choroidal thickness among patients with healthy eyes, early age-related maculopathy, neovascular age-related macular degeneration, central serous chorioretinopathy, and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy","volume":"31","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2011.258","article-title":"Choroidal thickness in both eyes of patients with unilaterally active central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eye (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e31822bf6b1","article-title":"One-year choroidal thickness results after photodynamic therapy for central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"31","author":"Maruko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e31820f4b39","article-title":"Subfoveal choroidal thickness in fellow eyes of patients with central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"31","author":"Maruko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.02.021","article-title":"Assessment of macular choroidal thickness by optical coherence tomography and angiographic changes in central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"119","author":"Jirarattanasopa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2011.02157.x","article-title":"Choroidal thickness following extrafoveal photodynamic treatment with verteporfin in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"90","author":"Pryds","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.05.010","article-title":"Focal choroidal excavation in eyes with central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"156","author":"Ellabban","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2012.273","article-title":"Change in subfoveal choroidal thickness in central serous chorioretinopathy following spontaneous resolution and low-fluence photodynamic therapy","volume":"27","author":"Kang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eye (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e318263d11f","article-title":"Choroidal thickness in central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"33","author":"Kuroda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2013.78","article-title":"Variability of subfoveal choroidal thickness measurements in patients with age-related macular degeneration and central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eye (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e358","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12059","article-title":"Choroidal vessel diameter in central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"91","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13183","article-title":"Biometric characteristics of eyes with central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"55","author":"Oh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2014.219","article-title":"Correlation of subretinal fluid volume with choroidal thickness and macular volume in acute central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"28","author":"Goktas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eye (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.01.006","article-title":"Change of regional choroid thickness after reduced-fluence photodynamic therapy for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"159","author":"Manabe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000539","article-title":"PERIPAPILLARY CHOROIDAL THICKNESS IN CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY: Is Choroid Outside the Macula Also Thick?","volume":"35","author":"Yun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.06.009","article-title":"Clinical Features of Central Serous Chorioretinopathy With Type 1 Choroidal Neovascularization","volume":"193","author":"Shiragami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.02.002","article-title":"Flat irregular retinal pigment epithelium detachments in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy and choroidal neovascularization","volume":"159","author":"Hage","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.05.051","article-title":"Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy with choroidal vascular hyperpermeability","volume":"142","author":"Sasahara","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2012.07.018","article-title":"Relationship between clinical characteristics of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and choroidal vascular hyperpermeability","volume":"155","author":"Koizumi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.07.001","article-title":"Effects of choroidal vascular hyperpermeability on anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy","volume":"156","author":"Cho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sonoda, S., Sakamoto, T., Otsuka, H., Yoshinaga, N., Yamashita, T., Ki, I.Y., Okubo, A., and Arimura, N. (2013). Responsiveness of eyes with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy with choroidal hyperpermeability to intravitreal ranibizumab. BMC Ophthalmol., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-13-43"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7874","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14610","article-title":"Efficacy of intravitreal injection of aflibercept in neovascular age-related macular degeneration with or without choroidal vascular hyperpermeability","volume":"55","author":"Hata","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-015-0387-z","article-title":"Intravitreal aflibercept for ranibizumab-resistant exudative age-related macular degeneration with choroidal vascular hyperpermeability","volume":"59","author":"Nomura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-015-3221-x","article-title":"Subfoveal choroidal thickness as a predictor of treatment response to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy","volume":"254","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3488","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-21167","article-title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors for Nonexudative Neovascularization in Fellow Eyes of Patients With Unilateral Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy","volume":"58","author":"Yanagi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001758","article-title":"Choroidal Vascular Hyperpermeability as a Predictor of Treatment Response for Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy","volume":"38","author":"Yanagi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-018-0605-6","article-title":"Prognostic factors after aflibercept therapy for typical age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy","volume":"62","author":"Ogasawara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3223","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14059","article-title":"Choroidal neovascularization in eyes with choroidal vascular hyperpermeability","volume":"55","author":"Miyake","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.012","article-title":"Choroidal thickness in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and exudative age-related macular degeneration","volume":"118","author":"Chung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.03.008","article-title":"Analysis of choroidal thickness in age-related macular degeneration using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"152","author":"Manjunath","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-011-1620-1","article-title":"Subfoveal choroidal thickness in typical age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy","volume":"249","author":"Koizumi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3663","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-9619","article-title":"Choroidal thickness, vascular hyperpermeability, and complement factor H in age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy","volume":"53","author":"Jirarattanasopa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.02.022","article-title":"Subfoveal choroidal thickness after ranibizumab therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: 12-month results","volume":"119","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2010.10.030","article-title":"Subfoveal retinal and choroidal thickness after verteporfin photodynamic therapy for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy","volume":"151","author":"Maruko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-013-0230-3","article-title":"Choroidal thickness outside the laser irradiation area after photodynamic therapy in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy","volume":"57","author":"Sugano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1109557","article-title":"Complement factor H polymorphism in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"308","author":"Klein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5914","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5554","article-title":"CFH and ARMS2 variations in age-related macular degeneration, polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, and retinal angiomatous proliferation","volume":"51","author":"Hayashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.14.7.835","article-title":"Drusen associated with aging and age-related macular degeneration contain proteins common to extracellular deposits associated with atherosclerosis, elastosis, amyloidosis, and dense deposit disease","volume":"14","author":"Mullins","year":"2000","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.2001.1094","article-title":"Complement activation and inflammatory processes in Drusen formation and age related macular degeneration","volume":"73","author":"Johnson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(02)01146-6","article-title":"Ten-year incidence and progression of age-related maculopathy: The Beaver Dam eye study","volume":"109","author":"Klein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.07.017","article-title":"Ten-year incidence and progression of age-related maculopathy: The blue Mountains Eye Study","volume":"114","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.6636","article-title":"Ten-year follow-up of age-related macular degeneration in the age-related eye disease study: AREDS report no. 36","volume":"132","author":"Chew","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2010.18","article-title":"Complement, age-related macular degeneration and a vision of the future","volume":"128","author":"Gehrs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2010.199216","article-title":"C-reactive protein and complement factor H in aged human eyes and eyes with age-related macular degeneration","volume":"95","author":"Bhutto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wyatt, M.K., Tsai, J.Y., Mishra, S., Campos, M., Jaworski, C., Fariss, R.N., Bernstein, S.L., and Wistow, G. (2013). Interaction of complement factor h and fibulin3 in age-related macular degeneration. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068088"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Francis, P.J., Schultz, D.W., Hamon, S., Ott, J., Weleber, R.G., and Klein, M.L. (2007). Haplotypes in the complement factor H (CFH) gene: Associations with drusen and advanced age-related macular degeneration. PLoS ONE, 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001197"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.16.1793","article-title":"Association of CFH Y402H and LOC387715 A69S with progression of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"297","author":"Seddon","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-009-1129-z","article-title":"Complement factor H and LOC387715 gene polymorphisms in a Greek population with age-related macular degeneration","volume":"247","author":"Marioli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.11.020","article-title":"C-reactive protein and CFH, ARMS2\/HTRA1 gene variants are independently associated with risk of macular degeneration","volume":"117","author":"Seddon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.04.029","article-title":"Risk models for progression to advanced age-related macular degeneration using demographic, environmental, genetic, and ocular factors","volume":"118","author":"Seddon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4663","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-7070","article-title":"Association of variants in the LIPC and ABCA1 genes with intermediate and large drusen and advanced age-related macular degeneration","volume":"52","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-014-2690-7","article-title":"The contribution of genetic factors to phenotype and progression of drusen in early age-related macular degeneration","volume":"252","author":"Dietzel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.08.002","article-title":"The Incidence and Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration over 15 Years: The Blue Mountains Eye Study","volume":"122","author":"Joachim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3227","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddi353","article-title":"Hypothetical LOC387715 is a second major susceptibility gene for age-related macular degeneration, contributing independently of complement factor H to disease risk","volume":"14","author":"Rivera","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1086\/444437","article-title":"Susceptibility genes for age-related maculopathy on chromosome 10q26","volume":"77","author":"Jakobsdottir","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1133807","article-title":"HTRA1 promoter polymorphism in wet age-related macular degeneration","volume":"314","author":"Dewan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1133811","article-title":"A variant of the HTRA1 gene increases susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration","volume":"314","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9345","DOI":"10.1038\/srep09345","article-title":"Calcium, ARMS2 genotype, and Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in early age-related macular degeneration: A multivariate analysis from the Nagahama study","volume":"5","author":"Nakata","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7401","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0912702107","article-title":"Genetic variants near TIMP3 and high-density lipoprotein-associated loci influence susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration","volume":"107","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7395","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0912019107","article-title":"Genome-wide association study of advanced age-related macular degeneration identifies a role of the hepatic lipase gene (LIPC)","volume":"107","author":"Neale","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.938","article-title":"Genome-wide association study identifies two susceptibility loci for exudative age-related macular degeneration in the Japanese population","volume":"43","author":"Arakawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3699","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddr270","article-title":"Common variants near FRK\/COL10A1 and VEGFA are associated with advanced age-related macular degeneration","volume":"20","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6063","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7063","article-title":"New loci and coding variants confer risk for age-related macular degeneration in East Asians","volume":"6","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3448","article-title":"A large genome-wide association study of age-related macular degeneration highlights contributions of rare and common variants","volume":"48","author":"Fritsche","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2007.06.003","article-title":"LOC387715\/HTRA1 variants in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and age-related macular degeneration in a Japanese population","volume":"144","author":"Kondo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.07.048","article-title":"Association of complement factor H Y402H gene polymorphism with different subtypes of exudative age-related macular degeneration","volume":"114","author":"Wegscheider","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2613","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0860","article-title":"Association analysis of CFH, C2, BF, and HTRA1 gene polymorphisms in Chinese patients with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy","volume":"49","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.11.011","article-title":"Coding variant I62V in the complement factor H gene is strongly associated with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy","volume":"116","author":"Kondo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.12.018","article-title":"Three major loci involved in age-related macular degeneration are also associated with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy","volume":"117","author":"Lima","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"2751","article-title":"Analysis of candidate genes for age-related macular degeneration subtypes in the Japanese population","volume":"17","author":"Tanaka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-011-0089-0","article-title":"Association of ARMS2\/HTRA1 variants with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy phenotype in a Korean population","volume":"56","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12437","article-title":"Environmental and genetic risk factors for retinal angiomatous proliferation","volume":"92","author":"Caramoy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3175","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8135","article-title":"Differentiation of exudative age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in the ARMS2\/HTRA1 locus","volume":"53","author":"Liang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.03.026","article-title":"The age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 polymorphism and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in Asian populations: A meta-analysis","volume":"120","author":"Yuan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.01.002","article-title":"Association of lesion size and visual prognosis to polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy","volume":"151","author":"Tsujikawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7441","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7546","article-title":"Associations of complement factor H (CFH) and age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 (ARMS2) genotypes with subtypes of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy","volume":"52","author":"Tanaka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2004.049296","article-title":"The origins of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy","volume":"89","author":"Yuzawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"200","article-title":"Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy","volume":"116","author":"Yuzawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi (J. Jpn. Ophthalmol. Soc.)"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3187","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-16236","article-title":"Toward a specific classification of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: Idiopathic disease or subtype of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"56","author":"Coscas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.09.026","article-title":"Chronic central serous chorioretinopathy is associated with genetic variants implicated in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"122","author":"Breukink","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.11.020","article-title":"Common variants in the complement factor H gene confer genetic susceptibility to central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"121","author":"Miki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000693","article-title":"Prevalence of the Complement Factor H and Gstm1 Genes Polymorphisms in Patients with Central Serous Chorioretinopathy","volume":"36","author":"Moschos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2018.3190","article-title":"Role of the Complement System in Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: A Genome-Wide Association Study","volume":"136","author":"Schellevis","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.22551","article-title":"Cadherin 5 is regulated by corticosteroids and associated with central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"35","author":"Schubert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5608","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-17343","article-title":"Genomic Copy Number Variations of the Complement Component C4B Gene Are Associated With Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy","volume":"56","author":"Breukink","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.0245","article-title":"Association of a Haplotype in the NR3C2 Gene, Encoding the Mineralocorticoid Receptor, With Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy","volume":"135","author":"Schellevis","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002333","article-title":"Genetic Risk Factors in Acute Central Serous Chorioretinopathy","volume":"39","author":"Mohabati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5542","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25497","article-title":"Genome-Wide Association Study to Identify a New Susceptibility Locus for Central Serous Chorioretinopathy in the Japanese Population","volume":"59","author":"Miki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-019-0712-z","article-title":"Genome-wide association analyses identify two susceptibility loci for pachychoroid disease central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"2","author":"Hosoda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6598","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43152-3","article-title":"Exome sequencing in patients with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"9","author":"Schellevis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00576","DOI":"10.1002\/mgg3.576","article-title":"Exome sequencing in families with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"7","author":"Schellevis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Genomic. Med."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000964","article-title":"Genetic Factors Associated with Choroidal Vascular Hyperpermeability and Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness in Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy","volume":"36","author":"Yoneyama","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_139","first-page":"407","article-title":"(Genes associated with choroidal thickness in eyes with age-related macular degeneration)","volume":"123","author":"Yamashiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi (J. Jpn. Ophthalmol. Soc.)"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.01.029","article-title":"Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography angiography of choroidal neovascularization","volume":"122","author":"Chin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2015.1320","article-title":"Association of Choroidal Neovascularization and Central Serous Chorioretinopathy With Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography","volume":"133","author":"Filho","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1159\/000448630","article-title":"Detection of Choroidal Neovascularization in Central Serous Chorioretinopathy Using Optical Coherence Tomographic Angiography","volume":"236","author":"Weng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001580","article-title":"Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography of Flat Irregular Pigment Epithelium Detachment in Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy","volume":"38","author":"Bousquet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.08.028","article-title":"Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography of Shallow Irregular Pigment Epithelial Detachments In Pachychoroid Spectrum Disease","volume":"160","author":"Dansingani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-018-4143-1","article-title":"Morphologic features of large choroidal vessel layer: Age-related macular degeneration, polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, and central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"256","author":"Baek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2017.08.016","article-title":"Pachychoroid Geographic Atrophy: Clinical and Genetic Characteristics","volume":"2","author":"Takahashi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Retin."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001345","article-title":"FOCAL CHOROIDAL EXCAVATION AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH PACHYCHOROID SPECTRUM DISORDERS: A Review of the Literature and Multimodal Imaging Findings","volume":"37","author":"Chung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-307055","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical correlates of focal choroidal excavation in eyes with age-related macular degeneration, polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"100","author":"Lim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20967","article-title":"Intraocular Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Levels in Pachychoroid Neovasculopathy and Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"58","author":"Hata","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-018-0562-0","article-title":"Efficacy of treat-and-extend regimen with aflibercept for pachychoroid neovasculopathy and Type 1 neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"62","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azuma, K., Tan, X., Asano, S., Shimizu, K., Ogawa, A., Inoue, T., Murata, H., Asaoka, R., and Obata, R. (2019). The association of choroidal structure and its response to anti-VEGF treatment with the short-time outcome in pachychoroid neovasculopathy. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0212055"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001689","article-title":"Disease Expression in Nonexudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration Varies with Choroidal Thickness","volume":"38","author":"Spaide","year":"2018","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10520","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28484-w","article-title":"Distinct Aqueous Humour Cytokine Profiles of Patients with Pachychoroid Neovasculopathy and Neovascular Age-related Macular Degeneration","volume":"8","author":"Terao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, J., Leng, X., Hu, Y., Atik, A., Song, X., Li, Z., Liu, Y., and Lu, L. (2016). The Features of Inflammation Factors Concentrations in Aqueous Humor of Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147346"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3424","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7913","article-title":"Associations of IL-23 with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy","volume":"53","author":"Sasaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-015-3006-2","article-title":"Effect of posterior vitreous detachment on aqueous humor level of vascular endothelial growth factor in exudative age-related macular degeneration patients","volume":"254","author":"Nomura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.04.001","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy versus combination therapy in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: Changes of aqueous vascular endothelial growth factor","volume":"156","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001554","article-title":"Angiopoietin-Like 4 Correlates with Response to Intravitreal Ranibizumab Injections in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"38","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000157","article-title":"Profile of intraocular immune mediators in patients with age-related macular degeneration and the effect of intravitreal bevacizumab injection","volume":"34","author":"Agawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e318195cb15","article-title":"Concentration of cytokines in the aqueous humor of patients with naive, recurrent and regressed CNV associated with amd after bevacizumab treatment","volume":"29","author":"Roh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-009-1254-8","article-title":"Concentration of cytokines in age-related macular degeneration after consecutive intravitreal bevacizumab injection","volume":"248","author":"Roh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1159\/000365487","article-title":"Aqueous humor cytokine levels in patients with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"53","author":"Sakurada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-013-2505-2","article-title":"Aqueous vascular endothelial growth factor and ranibizumab concentrations after monthly and bimonthly intravitreal injections of ranibizumab for age-related macular degeneration","volume":"252","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e31818358b2","article-title":"Changes in aqueous vascular endothelial growth factor and pigment epithelial-derived factor levels following intravitreal bevacizumab injections for choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration or pathologic myopia","volume":"28","author":"Chan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7038","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12730","article-title":"Comparative analysis of aqueous humor cytokine levels between patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration and normal controls","volume":"54","author":"Cha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19594-6","article-title":"Intraocular inflammatory cytokines in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration before and after initiation of intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF inhibitor","volume":"8","author":"Sato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.10.012","article-title":"Aqueous humor levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and pigment epithelium-derived factor in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and choroidal neovascularization","volume":"141","author":"Tong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forte, R., Coscas, F., Serra, R., Cabral, D., Colantuono, D., and Souied, E.H. (2019). Long-term follow-up of quiescent choroidal neovascularisation associated with age-related macular degeneration or pachychoroid disease. Br. J. Ophthalmol.","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-315189"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hara, C., Wakabayashi, T., Toyama, H., Fukushima, Y., Sayanagi, K., Sato, S., Sakaguchi, H., and Nishida, K. (2018). Characteristics of patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration who are non-responders to intravitreal aflibercept. Br. J. Ophthalmol.","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-312275"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11389","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47738-9","article-title":"Dynamic changes in choroidal conditions during anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy","volume":"9","author":"Nagai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002583","article-title":"Difference between Pachychoroid and Nonpachychoroid Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy and Their Response to Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Therapy","volume":"40","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.06.060","article-title":"Risk Alleles Associated with Neovascularization in a Pachychoroid Phenotype","volume":"123","author":"Dansingani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryoo, N.K., Ahn, S.J., Park, K.H., Ahn, J., Seo, J., Han, J.W., Kim, K.W., and Woo, S.J. (2018). Thickness of retina and choroid in the elderly population and its association with Complement Factor H polymorphism: KLoSHA Eye study. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209276"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.03.004","article-title":"Myopic choroidal neovascularization genetics","volume":"115","author":"Maestre","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2009.215","article-title":"ARMS2\/HTRA1 and CFH polymorphisms are not associated with choroidal neovascularization in highly myopic eyes of the elderly Japanese population","volume":"24","author":"Nakanishi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eye (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5004","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-9538","article-title":"Genetic factors for choroidal neovascularization associated with high myopia","volume":"53","author":"Leveziel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14578","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1102853108","article-title":"Increased expression of multifunctional serine protease, HTRA1, in retinal pigment epithelium induces polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in mice","volume":"108","author":"Jones","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_178","unstructured":"Mizuo, M. (1992). A case-control study of senile disciform macular degeneration: a preliminary report, Report of Research Committee on Chorioretinal Degenerations, (in Japanese)."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.06.013","article-title":"Background comparison of typical age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in Japanese patients","volume":"116","author":"Ueta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2014.132","article-title":"Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and history of central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"28","author":"Toyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eye (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e318192f53a","article-title":"Causes of macular serous retinal detachments in Japanese patients 40 years and older","volume":"29","author":"Hikichi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000742","article-title":"En Face Imaging of Pachychoroid Spectrum Disorders with Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography","volume":"36","author":"Dansingani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S73","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001346","article-title":"Choroidal Morphology in Eyes with Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy and Normal or Subnormal Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness","volume":"36","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.08.002","article-title":"The Pachychoroid Disease Spectrum-and the Need for a Uniform Classification System","volume":"3","author":"Siedlecki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Retin."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13114","article-title":"Understanding aneurysmal type 1 neovascularization (polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy): A lesson in the taxonomy of \u2018expanded spectra\u2019-a review","volume":"46","author":"Dansingani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9196","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09632-0","article-title":"A prospective multicenter study on genome wide associations to ranibizumab treatment outcome for age-related macular degeneration","volume":"7","author":"Yamashiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2007.10.014","article-title":"Association of HTRA1 polymorphism and bilaterality in advanced age-related macular degeneration","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2011.10","article-title":"Assessing susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration with genetic markers and environmental factors","volume":"129","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.12.010","article-title":"Role of complement factor H I62V and age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 A69S variants in the clinical expression of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy","volume":"118","author":"Sakurada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e318240a540","article-title":"The ARMS2 A69S variant and bilateral advanced age-related macular degeneration","volume":"32","author":"Schwartz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2012.03.042","article-title":"Association of ARMS2 genotype with bilateral involvement of exudative age-related macular degeneration","volume":"154","author":"Tamura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7173","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07526-9","article-title":"A genome-wide association study identified a novel genetic loci STON1-GTF2A1L\/LHCGR\/FSHR for bilaterality of neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"7","author":"Yamashiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.03.017","article-title":"Incidence of choroidal neovascularization in the fellow eye in the comparison of age-related macular degeneration treatments trials","volume":"120","author":"Maguire","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.02.007","article-title":"Association of LOC387715 A69S with vitreous hemorrhage in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy","volume":"145","author":"Sakurada","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3181c72068","article-title":"Punctate hyperfluorescent spots associated with central serous chorioretinopathy as seen on indocyanine green angiography","volume":"30","author":"Tsujikawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13438","article-title":"Choroidal morphology under pachydrusen","volume":"47","author":"Baek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-019-04284-4","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of pachydrusen in central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"257","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11906","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48494-6","article-title":"Clinical and genetic characteristics of pachydrusen in patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration","volume":"9","author":"Fukuda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002019","article-title":"PREVALENCE AND CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PACHYDRUSEN IN POLYPOIDAL CHOROIDAL VASCULOPATHY: Multimodal Image Study","volume":"39","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_200","unstructured":"Lee, J., Kim, M., Lee, C.S., Kim, S.S., Koh, H.J., Lee, S.C., and Byeon, S.H. (2018). Drusen Subtypes and Choroidal Characteristics in Asian Eyes with Typical Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Retina."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2018.06.014","article-title":"Association between Choroidal Thickness and Drusen Subtypes in Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"2","author":"Cheung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Retin."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2017.05.013","article-title":"Dilatation of Asymmetric Vortex Vein in Central Serous Chorioretinopathy","volume":"2","author":"Hiroe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Retin."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-019-04399-8","article-title":"Running pattern of choroidal vessel in en face OCT images determined by machine learning-based quantitative method","volume":"257","author":"Shiihara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/9\/7\/2034\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:44:22Z","timestamp":1760175862000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/9\/7\/2034"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,29]]},"references-count":203,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm9072034"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm9072034","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,29]]}}}