{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:34:28Z","timestamp":1780446868167,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,3]],"date-time":"2020-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1 TR000135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR000135"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: There are limited data on the epidemiology and timing of in-hospital death (IHD) in patients with acute myocardial infarction-cardiogenic shock (AMI-CS). Methods: Adult admissions with AMI-CS with IHDs were identified using the National Inpatient Sample (2000\u20132016) and were classified as early (\u22642 days), mid-term (3\u20137 days), and late (&gt;7 days). Inter-hospital transfers and those with do-not-resuscitate statuses were excluded. The outcomes of interest included the epidemiology, temporal trends and predictors for IHD timing. Results: IHD was noted in 113,349 AMI-CS admissions (median time to IHD 3 (interquartile range 1\u20137) days), with early, mid-term and late IHD in 44%, 32% and 24%, respectively. Compared to the mid-term and late groups, the early IHD group had higher rates of ST-segment-elevation AMI-CS (74%, 63%, 60%) and cardiac arrest (37%, 33%, 29%), but lower rates of acute organ failure (68%, 79%, 89%), use of coronary angiography (45%, 56%, 67%), percutaneous coronary intervention (33%, 36%, 42%), and mechanical circulatory support (31%, 39%, 50%) (all p &lt; 0.001). There was a temporal increase in the early (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for 2016 vs. 2000 2.50 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.22\u20132.78)) and a decrease in mid-term (aOR 0.75 (95% CI 0.71\u20130.79)) and late (aOR 0.34 (95% CI 0.31\u20130.37)) IHD. ST-segment-elevation AMI-CS and cardiac arrest were associated with the increased risk of early IHD, whereas advanced comorbidity and acute organ failure were associated with late IHD. Conclusions: Early IHD after AMI-CS has increased between 2000 and 2016. The populations with early vs. late IHD were systematically different.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9072094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]],"date-time":"2020-07-06T09:49:11Z","timestamp":1594028951000},"page":"2094","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Epidemiological Trends in the Timing of In-Hospital Death in Acute Myocardial Infarction-Cardiogenic Shock in the United States"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1631-8238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saraschandra","family":"Vallabhajosyula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon M.","family":"Dunlay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malcolm R.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. Elliott","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9954-9711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wisit","family":"Cheungpasitporn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi School of Medicine, Jackson, MS 39216, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pranathi R.","family":"Sundaragiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hospital Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2184-3683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kianoush","family":"Kashani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard J.","family":"Gersh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allan S.","family":"Jaffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Holmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6353-6780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory W.","family":"Barsness","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.01.053","article-title":"Acute noncardiac organ failure in acute myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock","volume":"73","author":"Vallabhajosyula","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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